Protein Synthesis Test Review

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34 Terms

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mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

ANALOGY: Xerox copy of 1 chapter of the reference book

<p>messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome</p><p>ANALOGY: Xerox copy of 1 chapter of the reference book</p>
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protein (polypeptide)

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

ANALOGY: Your final paper you write

<p>A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.</p><p>ANALOGY: Your final paper you write</p>
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Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

<p>Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced</p>
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initiation of translation

mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG

<p>mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG</p>
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elongation (translation)

synthesis of an amino acid strand from start codon to stop codon

<p>synthesis of an amino acid strand from start codon to stop codon</p>
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termination of translation

complex disassembles at stop codon releasing completed polypeptide

<p>complex disassembles at stop codon releasing completed polypeptide</p>
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amino acids

building blocks of proteins

<p>building blocks of proteins</p>
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Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

<p>three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid</p>
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Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

<p>group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon</p>
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tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

<p>transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome</p>
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peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

<p>covalent bond formed between amino acids</p>
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Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

<p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p>
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Nucleus

Site of transcription

ANALOGY: The Library

<p>Site of transcription</p><p>ANALOGY: The Library</p>
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DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that contains genes and makes up the chromosomes.

ANALOGY: Reference book

<p>A complex molecule containing the genetic information that contains genes and makes up the chromosomes.</p><p>ANALOGY: Reference book</p>
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Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/protein

<p>A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/protein</p>
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RNA polymerase

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

<p>enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template</p>
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Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. Location of translation.

<p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. Location of translation.</p>
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Ribosome

organelle: site of translation

ANALOGY: Room

<p>organelle: site of translation</p><p>ANALOGY: Room</p>
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initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region on the DNA and begins to unzip the DNA into two strands.

<p>RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region on the DNA and begins to unzip the DNA into two strands.</p>
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elongation (transcription)

RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create a mRNA copy

<p>RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create a mRNA copy</p>
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termination of transcription

The third, and last, phase of transcription in which the mRNA transcript is released when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence

<p>The third, and last, phase of transcription in which the mRNA transcript is released when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence</p>
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protein synthesis

The creation of a protein from a DNA template. Consists of 2 main steps: Transcription & Translation

<p>The creation of a protein from a DNA template. Consists of 2 main steps: Transcription &amp; Translation</p>
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codon wheel

shows which codons correspond with each amino acid

<p>shows which codons correspond with each amino acid</p>
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start codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid (met) in a protein

<p>codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid (met) in a protein</p>
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Nucleotide

A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group.

<p>A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group.</p>
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Keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

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Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents/pathogens

<p>Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents/pathogens</p>
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Hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

<p>iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells</p>
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Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

<p>A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues</p>
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Melanin

a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.

<p>a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.</p>
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rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

<p>ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome</p>
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Intron (honors only)

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

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Exon (honors only)

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

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Methionine

The 1st amino acid in proteins. Coded for by the mRNA sequence AUG

<p>The 1st amino acid in proteins. Coded for by the mRNA sequence AUG</p>