Chapter 3 keywords - unit 1 bio

amino acid

a protein's monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a

hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

biological macromolecule

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

carbohydrate

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates

serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods' cellular exoskeleton

cellulose

polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

dehydration synthesis - condensation

reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for

each bond formed

DNA

double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information

disaccharide

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links.

enzyme

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

glycogen

stored carbohydrate in animals

glycosidic bond

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with eliminating a water

molecule

hormone

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or

regulate specific physiological processes

hydrolysis

reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water

lipid

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

monomer

smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers

monosaccharide

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

nucleic acid

biological macromolecule that carries the cell's genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cell's

functioning

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous

base

peptide bond

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

phospholipid

membranes' major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached

to a glycerol backbone

polymer

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from

monomers by condensation

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link

polysaccharide

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

protein

biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains

RNA

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis

saturated fatty acid

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen

atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized storage carbohydrate in plants

steroid

type of lipid comprised of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

unsaturated fatty acid

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

wax

lipid that serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves