Grade 10 Biology - Cells

46

46

Number of chromosomes in a human cell

Cell membrane

Separates inside of cell from external environment, and controls material flow

Cell Wall

Tough, rigid structure lying just outside plant cell membrane. Provides support.

Centrioles

Help in mitosis by moving chromosomes

Chloroplast

Trap energy from sun to make glucose, which is broken down in mitochondria to power a plant cell

Cytoplasm

Includes organelles, and other life-supporting materials such as sugar and water. Contained in cell membrane.

Cytoskeleton

Filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping maintain structure and providing "tracks" for organelles and vesicles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials, made in cell. Is connected to nucleus

Golgi apparatus/bodies

Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of cell

Mitochondria

Where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes which help make proteins

Nucleus

Controls cell activities

Ribosome

Helps produce proteins which make up much of a cell's structure, and required for vital activities. Some float in cytoplasm and others are attached to the ER

Vacuole

Contain water and materials used to store or transport small molecules

Vacuole

Plant cells contain one large ______, while animal cells contain many small ones.

Cell Wall, Chloroplast

Organelles only found in plant cells

Nuclear pores

Openings in nuclear membrane

Ribosomes

Rough ER has _______ around it

cells, basic unit, cells

Cell theory:
All living things composed of one or more ______,
Cell is the _________ _____ of life,
All cells come from pre-existing _____

Plant cell

Type of cell

Animal cell

Type of cell

DNA

Genetic information in nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mailing system of the cell

Growth, repair, reproduction

3 reasons cells divide

Cell cycle

All stages of cell's life

Interphase

Growth of cell cycle

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Division part of cell cycle

Interphase

Longest stage of cell cycle

First Gap Phase (G1 Phase)

First stage of Interphase

Synthesis Phase (S Phase)

Second stage of Interphase

Second Gap Phase G2

Third stage of Interphase

G1

Stage of interphase where cells grow in size

S

Stage of interphase where DNA is replicated

G2

Stage of interphase where cells prepare for division

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Stages of Mitosis

true

True or false: when dividing, each daughter cell receives the same genetic material

DNA

Chromosomes are made of

Prophase

Mitosis stage in which:
- chromatin condenses
- sister chromatids are formed
- centrioles move to each pole
- nucleolus disappears
- nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase

Mitosis stage in which:
- Spindle fibres attach to centromere
- Chromosomes line up in the middle

Centrioles

Centrosomes contain:

Centromere

Point of intersection of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatids

This chromosome is made up of two:

Anaphase

Mitosis stage in which:
- Spindle fibres shorten
- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
- Cell starts to pinch

g0

Phase during which cells can no longer divide

Telophase

Mitosis stage in which:
- Cell membrane pinches inwards fully
- Nuclear membrane re-forms

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splitting in half and moving to two daughter cells

Apoptosis (cell suicide)

Controlled death of old cells

Prophase

Phase of mitosis

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis

Telophase

Phase of mitosis

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

4 types of tissue in human body

Tissue

Group of cells similar in shape that work together to perform a specialized function

Epithelial

Tissue that lines surfaces of body, like skin or intestine lining

Nervous

Tissue that carries signals through neurons

Muscle

Tissue that changes shape by relaxing and contracting to affect body movement

Connective

Tissue that strengthens, supports, binds, or connects cell tissues (in animals)

Connective

Type of tissue made up often by bone, fat, or blood cells

Nervous

Type of tissue made up by neurons

Epithelial

Type of tissue made up often by skin/epidermal cells

Dermal, ground, vascular

3 types of tissue systems in plants

Dermal

Tissue that protects plants from injury and water loss (often made up by epidermal and guard cells)

Ground

Tissue that stores produced carbohydrates in plants, and photosynthesizes

Vascular

Tissue that transports water, minerals, and nutrients in plants (made up by cells such as Xylem and Phloem)

Cancer

Group of diseases that results in uncontrolled cell division that leads to the formation of a tumor

Tumor

Lump of cells that continues to divide without a purpose

Benign tumor

Tumor that does not affect the normal cells around it (not cancerous)

Malignant

Tumor that affects the function of normal cells around it (cancerous)

Carcinogens

Causes of cancer in environment

true

True/false: cancer can be inherited

Chemo, radiation, surgery

3 main treatments for cancer

Cleavage furrow

Cut between cells during cytokinesis

Meristematic

Tissue in plants that is a base cell (for growth on a stalk)— featureless, changes into other cell types as needed

Xylem

Dead tissue that transports water in plants

Chromatin

Loose chromosomes in Interphase

Centriole

Organelle not found in plant cells