Module 8: Musculoskeletal

osteoblasts

build new bone

osteoclasts

break down and reabsorb bone

fibrous joints

sutures between skull and bone

cartilaginous joints

connect spinal vertebrae

synovial joints

knee, hip, shoulder

ligaments

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages, or holds together a joint

bursae

small, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between bones, tendons, and muscles

Phalen’s test

test for carpel tunnel syndrome. Ask the client to place the backs of both hands against each other while flexing the wrists 90 degrees with fingers pointed downward and wrists dangling. pain, numbness or tingling may be reported with CTS

Lasegue test

client lays flat on back with both legs extended, raise one leg straight while keeping the other leg flat. pain = positive test, seen with herniated disc

Allen test

occlude radial and ulnar arteries, release either and watch for coloration return. if pallor persists, indicates arterial insufficiency or occlusion of artery

hallux valgus

abnormality in which the great toe is deviated laterally and may overlap the second toe. An enlarged, painful, inflamed bursa (bunion) may form on the medial side

gout

a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. These crystals trigger an inflammatory response, leading to pain, swelling, and redness

osteoporosis

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine with an increase in convexity on the side that is curved

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to the joints. characterized by symptoms such as joint inflammation, syonvitis, joint destruction, fatigue.

plantar fascitis

an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot from the heel to the toes

carpal tunnel

condition that occurs when the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, becomes compressed

kyphosis

a spinal condition characterized by an excessive forward curvature of the spine, typically in the thoracic (upper back) region

lordosis

excessive inward curvature of the spine

degenerative disc disease

a condition where the intervertebral discs, the soft cushions between the vertebrae in the spine, deteriorate over time

lumbar disc herniation

occurs when the soft, jelly-like center of an intervertebral disc (cushion between the vertebrae) pushes through the tough outer layer (annulus) of the disc and presses on nearby nerves

Heberden nodes - Enlargements of the distal, interphalangeal joints of the fingers. indicators of degenerative joint disease, a common age-related condition involving joints in the hips, knees, and spine as well as the fingers

boutonnière deformity - Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint

swan-neck deformity.hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint with flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint

Tinel test

can be used to test for carpal tunnel syndrome. a physical examination maneuver used to assess for nerve compression or irritation. examiner gently taps over the suspected area of nerve compression, patient is asked if they feel any tingling, numbness or burning sensation in area supplied by nerve

arthritis

group of conditions that cause inflammation and pain in the joints. includes osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis

ganglion - Nontender, round, enlarged, swollen, fluid-filled cyst (ganglion) is commonly seen at the dorsum of the wrist

plantar wart - painful warts (verruca vulgaris) that often occur under a callus, appearing as tiny dark spots

corn - painful thickenings of the skin that occur over bony prominences and at pressure points

hammer toe - Hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint with flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joint (hammer toe) commonly occurs with the second toe