roman history

What are some of Italy’s physical features?

It is a long peninsula, encompassing slightly less than 100,000 square miles, that juts out from the northern or European coats of the Mediterranean Sea. In the far north the alps divide Italy from the rest of Europe. To its south the valley of PoItaly’s largest river contains land with great agricultural potential. Except for the plains along the eastern coats the Apennine mountains separate the Po valley from the rest of Italy. The peninsula is about 650 miles in lengh and it is never more than 125 miles wide the area is always close

What are the Italian Alps and what are the metric measurements?

It is the southern section of the European Alpine mountain range. Stretching in a massive arc across the northern boarder of Italy. It stretches 1,000 kilometers and are celebrated for their dramatic peaks expansive glacial lakes and unique cultural systems.

Who was Otzi the Iceman?

He is a mummified corpse found in the Alps and time of death was 3300 B.C. He is known as the eldest known natural human mummy in Europe. And he provides a perfectly preserved looks into the life of cooper age European from over 5,300 years ago.

What was the language of the ancient Romans?

Latin

Latin is known as one of the ______ languages

Indo-European

What does Indo-European mean?

It is a modern term coined after linguists discovered that most European languages and many languages of India are descended from a common ancestor (pro Indo-European) which was never recorded in writing.

What languages are indo-European language?

Greek, Sanskrit, Latin, the Germanic languages (including English) the Celtic languages, and the Slavic languages all (including Russian) all belong to this family.

What does Proto-indo- European mean?

It shares common elements of Indo-European languages the only difference is it was not recorded/ written down.

What is thought to be the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speakers?

While it is still disputed a very strong case can be made for the region north of the Black Sea (now known as southern Ukraine and southern Russia) this is known as the Yamuna culture.

What years did the Yamuna/ Yamnaya culture rain?

3600 to 2300 B.C

PIE also known as Indo-European languages began to split into daughter languages as it began to spread into _____

Europe

When the Indo-European languages spread into Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia and India PIE began to split into daughter languages what were those languages?

Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Italo-Celtic, and others

Words in related languages which can be traced back to a common ancestor are called what?

Cognates

Cognates can be done easily in the Romance languages such as

French, Italian, and Spanish when the modern words derive from Latin

_______ can often reconstruct the ancestral word from which the modern cognates derive even when the ancient language was never put into writing

Linguists

What are loanwords

They are words borrowed from one language to another

What language is particularly rich in loanwords?

English is! It takes words from Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and many other languages words for food (spaghetti, goulash, taco) are frequently borrowed, as well as words for other items not previously known (boomerang, moccasin, opossum, igloo)

Latin has loanwords from Greek and Etruscan and example of these words are

Apotheca, bibliotheca, hippopotamus, historia

Terms like Neolithic (New Stone Age), Bronze Age and Iron Age are also used elsewhere but the timing in Italy is different from what areas of the world?

Greece or the near East

What are the estimated years for the Bronze Age in Italy

C. 1800 to 1000/900

What are the estimated years for the middle Bronze Age

C. 1600-1300

What are the estimated dates for the Late Bronze Age?

C. 1300-1000/900

The Iron Age lasted from the years

C. 900-700 (followed by Orientalizing period)

Where was the Terramare culture mostly found?

The Po valley

Who were the Terramare people?

They were a group of people who lived during the Bronze Age and they lived in the northern Italy’s Po valley from about 1750 to 1150BC. Or in other words they thrived during the middle and late Bronze Age. They are known for their housing they built organized villages with square wooden stilt houses on land near streams.

What is the protovillanovan culture?

A Urnfield culture of Central Europe that spreads into Italy.

What languages did not die out with the rest of the Ancient languages of Italy?

Latin and Greek

What ancient languages of Italy DID die out

Gallic, Lepontic, Raetic, Venetia Ligurian, Etruscan, Liburnian, N. Picene, S. Picene, IllIyrian, Umbrian, Faliscan, Oscan,messapic

What ancient Italian languages were not indo-European?

Etruscan, and probably Raetic, and Ligurain

What are the two groups that most of the indo-European languages belong to?

Latin (with faliscan) and Oscoumbrain

The Greek language was brought in by colonists from?

Greece beginning in the 8th century B.C. (It is still spoken in. A few small areas of southern Italy)

What is the name of the site of the earliest Greek colony in Italy?

The island of Ischia (Pithecusae) and it was founded by Chalcis and Eritrea (around 775 B.C)

What was the earliest Greek colony on the mainland of Italy?

Cumae (Cuna)

In Cumae the temple of Zeus (Jupiter) was later converted into a…..

Early Christian basilica

Where is the temple of Concordia located?

The Greek colony of Akragas (Agrigentum) in Sicily

Where is the temple of Juno (Hera)

Akragas (Agrigentum) Sicily

Where is the temple of Hera located?

Selinus (Sicily)

What is Doric columns also used in besides temples?

Catholic cathedrals

What is the Chigi Vase?

It is an object that has some of the early depiction’s of hoplite warfare (650 B.C) it is Protoorinthian and it was found in an Etruscan tomb, now in Villa Giulia Museum in Rome.

In Northern Italy “Etruria,” was the land of the

Etruscans

The Villanovan Culture in Italy is thought to be

The earliest phase of Etruscan civilization

Where was Etruscan spoken?

In Etruria (modern Tuscany) but it later expanded to the north into the Po Valley

Other languages of central and southern Italy were indo-European besides

Etruscan

What is Raetic

It is the language of the Raeti and it is known from a small number of. Inscription and many have been related to the Etruscan language

Raetic and Ligurian are considered non-

Indo-European languages

What does Herodotus says about the Etruscans?

He says they were colonists from Lydia (Asia minor) who left Lydia becuase of severe famine.

Dionysius and Halicarnassus rejects an idea about the Etruscan’s what was this idea?

The idea that the Etruscans were Lydian colonists and they conclude that they were native to Italy. And he points out that they estruscan language and the Lydian language were completely different.

According to Dionysius the Etruscans’ name of themselves was

Rasenna

The island of Lemnos was inhabited by Pelasgians until

It was conquered for Athens by Miltiades

Most modern scholars reject the Herodtean tradition that the Etruscans were colonists from Lydia this is becuase…..

in classical times Lydia had an indo-European language.

The Zagreb mummy Wrapping

Is the longest surviving example of Etruscan writing

The Pyrgi tablets are _____ and _______ text

Phoenician and Etruscan

The Etruscan wrote from

Right to left and the letters would face the opposite direction

Early Rome was an area enclosed by the

Servian wall

What river runs through Rome

The Tiber River

What does the Pons Fabricius look like?

How many regions did later Rome have?

14

What is the Archaeological evidence for Rome going back to the time of the Iron Age?

There are some villages on some of the hills (continuous habitation from between 1200 and 1000 B.C)

The Archaelogical evidence for the founding of Rome includes

Cremation burials, later also inhumation burials in area of later forum and Esquiline hill

Archaeological evidence for Rome shows that Rome shares what?

Latino culture with rest of Latium

There was great population growth that happened in Rome from what years

830-770

Where was the oldest known example of Greek alphabetic writing found?

It was found in Latium (near Gabii)

What year were there signs that Rome was becoming a city

625 and this is possibly the start of Etruscan rule

There are literary sources for Roman history that is earlier than Livy Timaeus of Tauromenium is one of these were was it found and what years?

It was found in Sicily in the years 356-260 it has been lost and only a few fragments remain.

One literary source from Rome is called Philinus of Akragas/Agrigentum were was it found and is it still around?

It was found in Sicily, and it is lost however it is quoted by Polybius, and was given pro-Carthaginian version of the First Punic War.

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Fabius Pictor is one of them give information about this literary source

It is about a Roman senator in the year 200 and it was written in Greek and unfortunately it was lost.

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Ennius is one of them give information about this literary source

It is guessed to be from the year 239-169 B.C and it is written in Annales and it is an epic poem on Roman history in 18 books in Latin and unfortunately it has been lost

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Cato the Elder is one of them give information about this literary source

It was written in Origines Roman senator in the years 149 B.c it was wrote in Latin and it has been lost.

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Polybius of Megalopolis is one of them give information about this literary source

It was Greek and it was written on account of the rise of Rome from 218 to 167, and it is partly preserved

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Annales Maximi is one of them give information about this literary source

It is a chronicle kept by the pontifex Maximus in Latin, and it has been lost.

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Annalists is one of them give information about this literary source

It is written by Roman historians who wrote narratives divided into annual segments, in Latin it has been lost but it was used by Livy this includes Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius and Valerie’s Antias

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Marcus Tullius Cicero is one of them give information about this literary source

It is from the years 106-43 De Republica and other writings

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Diodorus Siculus of Agyrium is one of them give information about this literary source

It was in Sicily around 35 B.C and it was in Greek and partly preserved

There are many diffrent literary sources from Roman history. The Dionysius of Halicarnassus is one of them give information about this literary source

It was a Roman Antiquities Greek contemporary of Livery

The Roman’s claimed who was their ancestors

The Aeneas the Trojan

So it turns out Aeneas the Trojan was not the ancestor of the Romans why?

Becuase the fall of Troy was more than 300 years before the most widely- accepted date for the founding of Rome (753) so Aeneas came to be seen as the ancestor of the actual founder Romulus

Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Plutarch (life of Romulus) preserve what legends?

About Aeneas Romulus and Remus and others Vergil in the Aeneid gives the fullest account of Aeneas wandering after the fall and his settlement in Italy Vergil may have invented the story of Aeneas love affair with Dido

Who are the seven Kings of Rome and what were there years of reign

Romulus 753-716
• Numa Pompilius 716-673
• Tullus Hostilius 673-641
• Ancus Marcius 641-617
• Tarquinius Priscus 617-578
• Servius Tullius 578-535
• Tarquinius Superbus 535-510

Heinrich Schliemann had seen the 19th century depiction of Aeneas fleeing Troy with his father Anchises on his back and this is what kick started his goal to

Determined to prove that Troy had really existed

One of the earliest Roman coins in Rome has depictions of what on it?

Romulus and Remus suckled by a she-wolf

What was the Lapis Niger (black stone)

It refers either to a very early shrine in the Roman Forum with a black marble pavement or to a black stone found below the pavement when it was excavated in 1899 which has a very early Latin Text (perhaps the earliest Latin inscription probably 6th century B.C

The Vibenna brothers of Vulci what were the names of the two brothers

Caeles and caelius Vibenna and Aulus Vibenna

In the Francois tomb the Vibenna brothers are called what?

Caile Vipinas and Avle Vipinas

The Francois tomb labels one of the figures as

Cneve Tarchunies Rumach (Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome) who is about to be killed by Marce Camitlnas (Marcus Camillus)

The fifth King of Rome in Roman tradition immediately before services Tullius was

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus possibly this is the same man as shown in the painting if the Roman tradtion was mistaken about this praenomen

When it comes to Reforms attributed to services tullius there was a creation of 4 tribes give details about these tribes

4 “urban” tribes in the city. Possibly
these included the rural regions, or he may have created the first rural tribes also. By 495 there were 21 tribes (17 rural); from 241 B.C. there were 35 tribes and that number was never increased.

The reforms attributed to services Tullius was known to have 4 tribes but earlier than that it had how many tribes?

3 tribes based on descent: Ramnenses, Titienses,
Luceres (Livy 1.13) and these continued to exist

The Reforms attributed to servius Tullius also had military reforms give some details about these reforms

Military reforms. Said to have doubled the size of the army and to have created the system based on centuries. Eventually there were 193 centuries. The infantry was divided into five classes based on
wealth. In the Comitia Centuriata, the cavalry (equites) voted first, then the classes in order of wealth. Introduction of hoplite armor may date to this time (foot soldiers had a bronze helmet, a round shield, greaves to protect lower legs, spear and sword). Original number of centuries must have been much smaller

The Reforms attributed to servius Tullius also included the building of temples to who?

Diana on the Aventine hill for Romans and Latins

What is the Capitoline temple

A temple on the Capitol of Jupiter Optimus Maximus(Jupiter the Best and Greatest) was vowed by Tarquinius Priscus (Livy 1.38) and built by Tarquinius Superbus (Livy1.55

The capitoline temple was built in what style?

Etruscan style, the central cella was dedicated
to Jupiter, the one on the left to Juno and the one on the right to Minerva

The capitoline temple had a unique use when it came to keeping time what was this?

A nail was driven into the wall of the temple every year on September 13; in 304 B.C., Cn. Flavius counted 204 nails which would put its dedication about 508 B.C. (just after the expulsion of the king

The Piazza del Campidoglio designed by Michelangelo is on the site of the ____

ancient Capitol. The plaza was dominated by an equestrian statue of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (now replaced by a replica—the original is in the Capitoline Museums

Who was the last king of early Rome

Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud), is
depicted as a tyrant, but his ouster is supposedly a reaction to the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin’s son Sextus; L. Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus (the husband of Lucretia), Sp. Lucretius (Lucretia’s

Who became the first consuls of Rome

Brutus and Collatinus became the first but soon collatinus is forced to regain becuase he is a Tarquinius and is replaced by P. Valerius Publicola

There was a plot to restore the Tarquinius in Rome this included Brutus two sons and when the plot was discovered Brutus had the plotters what?

Executed including his own sons

Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium, attacks
Rome In 598 and what happens

Horatius Cocles blocks the Etruscans from crossing the bridge while other Romans destroy the bridge. While Porsenna is encamped at the Janiculum, Gaius Mucius sneaks into his camp
intending to kill him but strikes the wrong man (a scribe sitting next to Porsenna) by mistake. When brought before Porsenna he puts his right hand in the flame to show his indifference to the
possibility of being tortured; Porsenna is so impressed he Mucous go free and makes peace with Rome. Mucius gets the nickname Scaevola (“left-handed”) as a result of the loss of his right hand

There is an alternate tradition that says Porsenna actually captured Rome this means that possibly

it was he who expelled Tarquinius Superbus

What is the evidence for monarchy in early Rome

The institution of interrex (“between king,” a person, always a patrician, chosen to hold elections if the year began with no consuls chosen; after 5 days replaced by
another interrex if no election had taken place)—a short interval between reigns is an interregnuM

What was the Regia

It is a house where Pontifex Maximus carried out his duties name indicates it was originally a royal residence.