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Restriction Enzymes
Produced by bacteria to protect themselves from invading viral DNA
Act like scissors, cutting double stranded DNA at specific sequences
Creates sticky ends or blunt ends
Restriction Enzyme Endoculeases
Enzymes recognize specific 4-8 bp sequences
Some enzymes cut in a staggered fashion - “sticky ends”
Some enzymes cut in a direct fashion - “blunt”
Origins of Restriction Enzymes
Discovered in bacteria, restrict the growth of bateriophage by cutting the viral DNA and rendering them harmless
Gel Electrophoresis
Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size
DNA fragments are negatively charged so they move towards the positive electrode
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Method used to make several copies of a specific DNA segment.
Segments of DNA are amplified, creating large samples to analyze DNA when small samples are initially available
Bacterial Transformation
Process of horizontal gene transfer where some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from environment
Introduces DNA to bacterial cells
Only happens at specific times
Can be incorporated into bacterial chromosome or in the cytosol (plasmid)
Used to make medicine, modify food, or amplify DNA
Tag DNA Polymerase
Not denatured at 72 degrees C and still functional
Survive because of specialized enzymes that survive high temperatures.
Plasmids
Small, circular DNA molecules, vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host
Serve as a vector
Replicate independently of the chromosome
