Topic 6.8: Biotechnology

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9 Terms

1

Restriction Enzymes

  • Produced by bacteria to protect themselves from invading viral DNA

  • Act like scissors, cutting double stranded DNA at specific sequences

  • Creates sticky ends or blunt ends

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2

Restriction Enzyme Endoculeases

Enzymes recognize specific 4-8 bp sequences

  • Some enzymes cut in a staggered fashion - “sticky ends”

  • Some enzymes cut in a direct fashion - “blunt”

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3

Origins of Restriction Enzymes

Discovered in bacteria, restrict the growth of bateriophage by cutting the viral DNA and rendering them harmless

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4

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size

  • DNA fragments are negatively charged so they move towards the positive electrode

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5

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Method used to make several copies of a specific DNA segment.

  • Segments of DNA are amplified, creating large samples to analyze DNA when small samples are initially available

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6

Bacterial Transformation

  • Process of horizontal gene transfer where some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from environment

  • Introduces DNA to bacterial cells

  • Only happens at specific times

  • Can be incorporated into bacterial chromosome or in the cytosol (plasmid)

  • Used to make medicine, modify food, or amplify DNA

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7

Tag DNA Polymerase

Not denatured at 72 degrees C and still functional

Survive because of specialized enzymes that survive high temperatures.

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8

Plasmids

  • Small, circular DNA molecules, vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host

  • Serve as a vector

  • Replicate independently of the chromosome

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9
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