Concept 1: Cell Theory and Organelles

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

living things

All _______ ______ are made of cells

basic

Cells are the most _____ unit of life

preexisting cells

All cells come from ___________ _____

Unicellular

composed of one cell

Multicellular

composed of many cells that are organized into tissue —> organs —> organ system —> organism

Prokaryote

• NO nucleus

• No membrane-bound organelles

• Divides through binary fission

• Only unicellular

• Ex: Bacteria

Eukaryote

• Has a nucleus

• Has membrane-bound organelles

• Divides through mitosis

• Unicellular and Multicellular

• Ex: Animals, Plants, Protists, Fungi

Organelles

specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function

Cell Membrane

• Surrounds the outside of ALL cells

• Made of phospholipid bilayer

• Controls what goes in/out of cell

Cytoskeleton

• Made of threadlike fibers

• Gives the cell shape and structure for animal cells

• ONLY ANIMAL CELLS

Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like substance

• Suspends organelles in the cell and provides a solution for chemical reactions

Nucleus

• Contains DNA

• Protects DNA which controls the activities of the cell

Nucleolus

• Nucleus of the nucleus

• Makes rRNA (ribosomes)

Ribosomes

• Made of proteins and rRNA

• Located on the Rough ER

• Makes proteins through translation

Rough ER

• Has ribosomes on its surface

• Makes proteins

• Packages proteins, sends in vesicles to Golgi Apparatus

Smooth ER

• Makes lipids

• That’s really it.

Golgi Apparatus

• Folded membrane that receives vesicles of protein from the E.R.

• Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Lysosomes

• Contains enzymes

• Breaks down waste in the cell

• Does apoptosis

Vacuoles

• Small in ANIMAL CELLS

• Central one in PLANT CELLS

• Stores water, nutrients, waste, etc.

Centrioles

• Appear during cell division

• Spindle fibers

• Helps the cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart

• ANIMAL CELLS ONLY

Cilia

Multiple short hairs that move across the cell’s surface

Flagella

• 1-3, long whip-like tail that moves entire cell through extracellular fluid

Mitochondria

• Made of inner membrane and matrix

• Where cellular respiration takes place

• Breaks down food to release ATP

• ANIMALS ONLY

Chloroplast

• Made of grana and stroma

• Where photosynthesis takes place

• Converts sunlight to chemical energy

• PLANTS ONLY

Cell Wall

• Outer layer made of cellulose to protect and maintain shape in PLANTS ONLY