Foundational Documents

Federalist 10

essay written by James Madison in 1787 arguing against the dangers of a faction and advocating for a strong central government to protect minority rights.

Brutus No 1

An anti-federalist essay arguing that a large republic would lead to tyranny and emphasizing the importance of local governance. and how the constitution gave to much power to national government

The declaration of independence

a document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring American colonies independent from British rule. It articulated the colonies' grievances against King George III and outlined the philosophical foundation for their right to self-governance. Wriiten by jeffereson. Natural rights with the assertion of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It emphasized the principle that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed.

Articles of Confederation

first governing document of the United States, that established a weak national government and was later replaced by the Constitution due to its inability to effectively govern the nation. It created a legislature without an executive or judiciary, limiting federal authority and leading to economic and political challenges that prompted calls for a stronger national government.

The constitution

a document that sets out the fundamental principles of governance and establishes the institutions of government. has been amended several times. The Constitution outlines the separation of powers among the branches of government and the rights of citizens.

Bill of rights

the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which guarantee individual liberties and protections against governmental abuses.

1st amendment

protects freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, and the press.

2nd amendment

protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.

3rd amendment

prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.

4th amendment

protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th amendment

provides rights related to legal proceedings, including protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th amendment

guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, an impartial jury, and legal counsel.

7th amendment

guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases (lawsuit between individuals not involving criminal charges)

8th amendment

prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th amendment

protects unenumerated rights not specifically listed in the Constitution, ensuring that individuals retain rights beyond those explicitly mentioned.

10th amendment

reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states and the people.

Federalist 51

Essay which Madison argues that separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny. It emphasizes the need for checks and balances within the government. This essay outlines the structure of government and explains how the various branches can control each other to maintain liberty.

Letter from a birmingham jail

letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. addressing the importance of nonviolent protest against racial injustice. It argues that individuals have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws and highlights the urgency of civil rights activism. 14th amendment equal protection clause ensures that all individuals receive equal protection under the law, preventing discrimination by state entities.

Federalist 70

Essay by Alexander Hamilton advocating for a strong single executive leader will protect us against foreign attack,provide for the administration of laws, and protect liberty and property. presidency has been enhanced beyond constiutional powers.

Federalist 78

Hamilton discusses the role of the judiciary in interpreting laws and protecting against legislative overreach. It argues for the independence of the judiciary and the concept of judicial review, ensuring that courts can strike down laws that violate the Constitution.

14th amendment

grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guarantees equal protection under the law, prohibiting states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process.