exam

What is binary fission?

A method of asexual reproduction by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size.

What are the primary differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

What events occur during prophase?

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

What events occur during metaphase?

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, and spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

When do sister chromatids separate during meiosis?

Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II of meiosis.

When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis.

What is synapsis in meiosis?

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

What is crossing over?

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

What is the importance of mitosis?

Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

What is the importance of meiosis?

Meiosis is essential for producing gametes and promoting genetic diversity through recombination.

What is independent assortment?

The random distribution of maternal and paternal alleles during gamete formation.

What factors affect cell division?

Anchorage, cell density, and growth factors influence cell division.

What are cell cycle control checkpoints?

Regulatory points in the cell cycle that ensure proper division and functioning of the cell.

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can metastasize.

What is leukemia?

A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to excessive production of abnormal white blood cells.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

What is a locus?

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells contain two sets.

What is a zygote?

The fertilized egg formed from the union of a sperm and an egg, which is diploid.

What is karyotyping?

A laboratory technique used to visualize and analyze the number and structure of chromosomes.

What is nondisjunction?

The failure of chromosomes to properly separate during cell division, resulting in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers.

What is deletion in chromosome structure alteration?

A mutation where a part of a chromosome is missing.

What is duplication in chromosome structure alteration?

A mutation that results in a segment of a chromosome being copied, leading to multiple copies.

What is inversion in chromosome structure alteration?

A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed end to end.

What is sex-linked inheritance?

Inheritance patterns that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes.

What are the P, F1, and F2 generations?

P generation is the parental generation, F1 is the first filial generation, and F2 is the second filial generation.

What is a test cross?

A breeding experiment used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.

What are linked genes?

Genes that are located close together on a chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

What is pleiotropy?

The ability of a single gene to influence multiple phenotypic traits.

What is polygenic inheritance?

Inheritance pattern in which multiple genes influence a trait.

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

The discussion regarding the relative influence of genetic inheritance and environmental factors on human development.

What is genetic testing?

Procedures that identify changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins to assess the risk of inheriting or passing on a genetic condition.

What are sex chromosomes?

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, including X and Y chromosomes.