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Scuba
(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) Equipment that allows breathing underwater from tanks of compressed air.
Remote Sensing
Collecting data through the use of satellites.
The Phoenicians
The first accomplished Western navigators.
Aristotle
The first marine biologist and person who discovered the breathing apparatus for fish (gills).
Captain James Cook
The first European voyager to discover new lands and user of the chronometer.
Chronometer
An accurate timepiece that enabled the ability to determine longitude precisely.
Charles Darwin
Proposed the Theory of Evolution by natural selection.
The Challenger Expedition
Sailed around the world, gathering information and collecting water, sediment, and biological samples. The sheer volume of data gathered was enormous— it took 19 years to publish the results.
Sonar
The detection of underwater echoes, or sound
Scientific Method
The set of procedures by which scientists learn about the world.
Induction
Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.
Deduction
Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Hypothesis
A statement that might be true.
Experiment
An artificially created situation that is used to test a hypothesis.
Variables
Factors which might affect observations.
Controlled Variables
Variables prevented from affecting an experiment.
Scientific Theory
A comprehensive explanation of a phenomenon that is backed up by considerable evidence.
Habitat
The natural environment where an organism lives.
The Big Bang Theory
The theory that a cosmic explosion produced clouds of dust and gas from which Earth and the solar system originated. The Big Bang was estimated to have occurred around 13.7 billion years ago.
Density
The mass of a given volume of a substance.
Core
The innermost layer of Earth.
Mantle
(1) The semiliquid region between the crust and the core of Earth. (2) The outer layer of tissue that secretes the shell of mollusks.
Crust
The outermost layer of Earth.
Basalt
The dark-colored rock that forms the sea floor, or oceanic crust.
Granite
The light-colored rock that forms most of the continental crust.
Continental Drift
The movement of continental masses on the surface of Earth.
Plate Tetonics
The process involved in the movement of large plates on Earth’s crust.
Mid-Ocean Ridge
The continuous chain of volcanic submarine mountains that extends around Earth.
Faults
A crack in Earth’s crust usually formed when pieces of crust move past each other.
Trenches
A narrow, deep depression in the sea floor.
Sediment
Loose material like sand and mud that settles on the bottom.
Magnetic Anomalles
Magnetic bands in the sea floor that run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.
Rift
A crack in Earth’s crust formed as pieces of the crust separate.
Sea-Floor Spreading
The process by which new sea floor is formed as it moves away from spreading centers in mid-ocean ridges.
Tectonic Plates
Regions of Earth’s lithosphere which move together over the asthenosphere. There are approximately 20 total plates.
Subduction
The downward movement of a plate into the mantle that occurs in trenches, which are also known as subduction zones.
Shear Boundry
The boundary between two plates that move past each other on Earth’s surface.
Lithogenous Sediment
Sediment that is derived from the weathering of rocks.
Weathering
The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks.
Biogenous Sediment
Sediment that is made up of the skeletons and shells of marine organisms. Also see calcareous and siliceous ooze.
Calcareous Ooze
A type of biogenous sediment that is made of the calcium carbonate shells and skeletons of marine organisms.
Siliceous Ooze
A type of biogenous sediment that consists mostly of the silica shell and skeletons of marine organisms. Also see diatomaceous ooze and radiolarian ooze.
Microfossils
The microscopic shells and other remains of marine organisms that make up biogenous sediments.
Carbon Dating
A procedure used to determine the age of recent fossils.
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