UNIT 5 MCGRAW HILL

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to

draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered _________blank controls.

extrinsic

The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of

tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.

Sympathetic stimulation causes

granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction.

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

Regulation of lymphocyte production

Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the

visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?

It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _________blank than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of _________blank arterioles.

higher; afferent

ANP is a hormone that causes

dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

In the process of urine formation, first

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

Micturition

All of the choices are correct.

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?

Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.

Individuals can voluntarily empty their bladder by contracting their abdominal muscles as part of the Valsalva maneuver. T or F

True

The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to

increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.

After the hairpin turn in the vasa recta, the blood within it starts to lose salt and gain water. T or F

True

Increases in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure. T or F

False

Increases in NFP result in increases in GFR. T or F

True

For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a

Na+ /glucose symporter.

Increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure result in increases in net filtration pressure. T or F

False

Impaired renal function within older individuals elevates their risk for acid-base imbalance. T or F

True

Severe diarrhea leads to a decrease in the pH of the blood. T or F

An individual who consumes many antacids for stomach upset and many diuretics for high blood pressure will be at risk for metabolic

alkalosis.

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by

synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H⁺.

Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the

kidneys.

When bicarbonate levels fall due to an accumulation of fixed acids in the body, the result is

metabolic acidosis.

Severe diarrhea results in the increased elimination of

bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis.

Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall?

Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water.

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis. T or F

True

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

Sodium

Fixed acid is regulated by the _________blank through the absorption and elimination of _________blank.

idney; bicarbonate and H⁺

Most potassium loss from the body occurs through

urine.

Collectively, the renal and respiratory systems comprise the chemical buffering system of the body. T or F

False

Angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH each help decrease urine output. T or F

True

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO₂ levels

rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.

Ingestion of food results in water

intake, as food contains some water.

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the partial pressure of

carbon dioxide rises.

Fixed acid is also called volatile acid. T or F

False

Impaired renal function within older individuals elevates their risk for acid-base imbalance. T or F

True

Climbing at high altitude where oxygen levels are insufficient can lead to

respiratory alkalosis

As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma. T or F

True

Ovulation occurs when an oocyte is released from a ruptured _________blank follicle.

mature

The acrosome cap contains

enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.

In the ovaries, production of new primary oocytes by mitosis continues throughout life. T or F

False

Body changes that occur at menopause are due to

reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone.

What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis?

c, a, e, d, b

Which is not a uterine function?

Usual site of fertilization

Sperm begin to exhibit motility once they exit the seminiferous tubules. T or F

False

Which of the following is not a component of seminal fluid?

Calcium

What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1?

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days

15-28

The stages that appear during spermatogenesis are
a: spermatid
b: primary spermatocyte
c: spermatogonium
d: spermatozoon
e: secondary spermatocyte
What is the correct order of appearance of these stages?

c, b, e, a, d

Along with local growth factors, FSH helps facilitate the development of a primary follicle, and estrogen released by a primary follicle inhibits production of GnRH, LH, and FSH. T or F

True

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. T or F

True

How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?

4

Seminal fluid is a component of semen. T or F

True

The posterior pituitary hormone that is crucial for milk ejection is

oxytocin.

Which is not considered to be a change associated with aging in genetic males?

Termination of spermatogenesis

Progesterone levels are highest during the _________blank phase of the ovarian cycle.

luteal

Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of

LH

When comparing gamete production in testes versus ovaries, the testes produce

more gametes that are smaller in size.

Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?

Seminal vesicle

In genetic males, LH stimulates

interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

Mitosis involves crossing over and the production of haploid daughter cells. T or F

False