Principles of Management Final Exam

________ is the process of assigning managerial authority and responsibility to lower-level managers and employees.

Delegation

With ________, important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers.

decentralized authority

A national package delivery company relies heavily on a hierarchy culture to manage its vast and complex shipping processes. ________ are part of a hierarchy culture.

An internal focus and valuing stability and control

True or False: An organizational structure is a set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its environments.

False

According to Chester I. Barnard's classic definition, an organization is a

system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.

Most military organizations are known for having a strong hierarchy of authority which is defined as

a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time.

Staffing, appraising, compensation, and training and development are types of

human resources practices.

With a hollow structure, the organization

has a central core of key functions and outsources others to vendors who are less expensive or faster.

A fluid, highly adaptive organization whose members, linked by information technology, come together to collaborate on common tasks is a

boundaryless organization.

Which of Edgar Schein’s common elements unifies employees and gives everyone an understanding of the organization’s reason for being?

common purpose

True or False: Organizational culture appears in four levels: clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy.

False

Organizational design is concerned with an organization developing

optimal structures of accountability and responsibility to execute its strategies.

According to the competing values framework, the four types of ________ are clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy.

organizational cultures

When discussing organizational structure, the terms narrow and wide are used to describe

span of control.

A national package delivery company relies heavily on a hierarchy culture to manage its vast and complex shipping processes. ________ are part of a hierarchy culture.

An internal focus and valuing stability and control

Basic assumptions represent the core values of an organization and are

difficult to change.

________ enables a manager to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources. For example, the manager of a local coffee shop has the right to hire and fire baristas based on their punctuality, performance, and customer-service ratings.

Authority 

Great Lakes Educational Loan Services uses its mission of “doing what’s right to change lives for the better” to state its espoused values which are defined as

the explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization.

In a ________ culture, employees are expected to work hard, react fast, and deliver quality work on time.

market

Symbols, stories, heroes, and rites and rituals are ways in which ________ is (are) most often transmitted to employees.

culture

When a firm assembles product chunks provided by outside contractors, the firm is employing a ________ structure.

modular

Basic assumptions represent the core values of an organization and are

difficult to change.

The benefit of ________ is that complex tasks can be parceled out to specialists, improving productivity, which results in greater efficiency.

work specialization

_____ means that anyone can be dismissed at any time for any reason at all, or for no reason.

Employment at will

_____ is the notion that people are valuable strategic assets of any organization.

Strategic human resource management

In addition to the human resource practices at hospitals discussed in the Management in Action case (regarding the nursing profession), what other factors contribute to effective group and social processes?

organizational culture and organizational structure

True or False: The Family and Medical Leave Act requires employers to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for medical and family reasons, including for childbirth, adoption, or family emergency.

True

The _____ enforce(s) procedures allowing employees to vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.

National Labor Relations Board

_____ is the degree to which a test produces consistent scores.

Reliability

An organization whose HR system is aligned with its structure and culture is said to have

external fit. 

Which of the following statements about background information is true?

Seventy- nine percent of job applicants lie on their resumes.

_____ are organizations of employees formed to protect and advance their members’ interests by bargaining with management over job- related issues.

Labor unions

If a hospital in the Management in Action case utilized employment tests for nurse candidates that produced inconsistent scores, the test would have a _____ problem.

reliability 

Actively finding, hiring, and developing the talents of people from traditionally underrepresented groups is the goal of

affirmative action.

During her recent performance appraisal, Veasna learned that her manager thinks she has a good attitude and emerging leadership potential. Veasna’s manager seems to be using a _____ appraisal.

trait

Which of the following is NOT a type of compensation?

promotions

The _____ requires employers with more than 50 employees to provide health insurance.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

_____ is the process of locating and attracting qualified applicants for job openings.

Recruiting

True or False: The type of appraisal in which employees are evaluated by their managers, peers, and subordinates is called the 360- degree assessment.

True

Which of the following methods is most appropriate when people just need to learn facts such as work rules or legal matters?

online courses

Typically the _____ clause in a union contract is tied to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ consumer price index (CPI).

cost- of- living adjustment

The great majority of unions workers in

the public sector.

The type of performance appraisal that judges specific, observable aspects of performance like being on time for work is a(n) _____ appraisal.

behavioral 

A performance appraisal consists of

assessing performance and providing feedback.

Which type of workplace discrimination occurs when an organization uses an employment practice that results in unfavorable outcomes to a protected class?

adverse impact

_____ is the purpose of strategic human resources management.

Enabling effective implementation of corporate strategies

_____ is a performance review system in which all employees within a business unit are ranked against one another.

Forced ranking 

When it comes to learning from failure in the innovation process, Pixar President Ed Catmull said,

“Mistakes are an inevitable consequence of doing something new and should be seen as valuable.”

________ is the process by which a company determines if the intervention made a positive or negative difference.

Evaluation

________ change introduces a new practice to an organization but one that is not new to the industry.

Innovative

Change programs are more successful when

they are oriented toward achieving both short-term and long-term results.

How are offshore suppliers changing the way U.S. companies work?

Other countries have employees willing to work twice as hard for half the pay.

True or False: Corporate restructurings that threaten to eliminate jobs and generally trigger strong resistance.

True

A ________ innovation is a change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or disseminated.

process

An innovative change involves ________ complexity, cost, and uncertainty.

moderate

A(n) ________ change involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry, such as using drones (rather than delivery trucks) to deliver products to customers.

radically innovative

________ refers to customers becoming segmented into smaller and more specialized groups responding to more narrowly targeted commercial messages.

Demassification

A(n) ________ is a coherent set of interdependent processes and structures that dictates how the company searches for novel problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product designs, and selects which projects get funded.

innovative system 

Employees are likely to see an adaptive change as

least threatening.

The degree of complexity, cost, and uncertainty, along with ________, determine which form of change an organization will implement.

how strongly the company needs the proposed change

________ is the set of techniques used for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.

Organizational development 

A _______ often puts organizational development into practice.

change agent

True or False: Adaptive change is the least threatening type of change and is therefore least likely to create resistance.

True

Lewin’s change model consists of three

stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.

________ is an emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine.

Resistance to change

Which key obstacle to innovation is defined as delayed strategic change in the face of environmental change?

inertia

The increasing diversity of the U.S. workforce and the fact that people aged 18–34 are more likely to be living with their parents than with a spouse or partner are both examples of a ________ force for change.

demographic

The degree of complexity, cost, and uncertainty, along with ________, determine which form of change an organization will implement.

its potential for generating employee resistance

True or False: Reactive change involves making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities.

False

An innovative change involves ________ complexity, cost, and uncertainty.

moderation

________ programs help employees cope with stress, burnout, substance abuse, health problems, and family issues that influence job performance.

Employee assistance

The ________ component of an attitude consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation.

cognitive

Because people are uncomfortable with inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors, they will seek to reduce

cognitive dissonance.

________ are the beliefs or feelings that are learned predispositions toward a given object.

Attitudes

________ is the process of interpreting and understanding one’s environment.

Perception

________ is the extent to which people feel secure and unworried.

Emotional stability

The self-management dimension of emotional intelligence is described as

the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways.

________ are abstract ideals that guide one’s thinking and behavior across all situations.

Values

________ is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.

The recency effect

________ represent(s) all the ways people are unlike and alike.

Diversity 

True or False: Those who have the Type A behavior pattern are involved in a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.

True

True or False: The glass ceiling is a concept that applies to women, but not to minorities.

False

According to Festinger, how people deal with cognitive dissonance depends on

importance, control, and rewards.

Desiree volunteered to pack meals for a donation to individuals displaced by a recent hurricane. Desiree engaged in ________ behavior.

prosocial

________ is at the center of the diversity wheel.

Personality

When confronted with pressure, people with high self-esteem become

egotistical and boastful.

________ is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.

Stereotyping

The self-management dimension of emotional intelligence is described as

the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways.

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to

reasonably accommodate an individual’s disability.

________ occurs when we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.

The halo effect

________ is the tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively.

Stress

Tardiness, accidents, sexual harassment, and white-collar crime are examples of

counterproductive work behaviors.

________ is the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to the situation the person is in.

Fundamental attribution bias

________ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves.

Self- esteem

According to the diversity wheel, which of the following is an organizational dimension?

union affiliation

If you have a(n) ________, you believe you control your own destiny.

internal locus of control

Research has supported links between emotional intelligence (EI) and a host of desirable job outcomes. What is EI?

EI is the ability to monitor your and others’ feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions.

________ is the extent to which employees have positive or negative feelings about various aspects of their work.

Job satisfaction

An employee’s ________ behaviors helps the employee exceed the work-role requirements for the job.

organizational citizenship

________ is the belief that one’s native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another culture.

Ethnocentrism