PMLS MT 102 - Evolution of Medical Technology

Medical Technology

a healthcare profession that applies scientific principles and advanced laboratory techniques to analyze human body fluids, tissue, and other biological specimens.

Medical Laboratory Science

Medical Technology is also known as ______

Medical Technology

encompasses a wide range of laboratory procedures, examination, detection, identification, and characterization of microorganisms.

Heinemann definition of Medical Technology

the practical application of the principals of the natural, physical, and biological sciences in performing laboratory procedures that aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Fagelson definition of Medical Technology

a branch of medicine covered with performing laboratory examinations and analyses that are essential for the diagnosis and management of diseases, as well as for the maintenance of health.

Walters definition of Medical Technology

a healthcare profession that specializes in laboratory testing and analysis to obtain accurate and reliable data necessary for disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and the promotion of overall health and well-being

Republic Act No.5527, Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969

The practice of Medical Technology in the Philippines is governed by ________, also known as ________

June 21, 1969

Republic Act No.5527 - Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 was signed into law on _______

Republic Act No.5527, Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969

This regulates the practice of Medical Technology, established the qualifications for Registered Medical Technologists, and safeguards the quality and standards of laboratory services in the country.

Hippocrates (460-370BC)

Widely regarded as the Father of Medicine

Hippocrates (460-370BC)

Laid the foundation for scientific medicine through observation and logical disease diagnosis.

Hippocrates (460-370BC)

Credited with the Hippocratic Oath

Hippocratic Oath

a guiding principle for healthcare professionals

Galen (129-c. 216AD)

Renowned Greek physician and philosopher who advanced the theory of the four humours.

Theory of Four Humours

proposed that health depended on the balance of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

Urine

Earliest diagnostic body fluid; physicians examined its color, clarity, and sediment to assess health.

Hippocrates

Emphasized clinical observation and diagnosis through signs, symptoms, and urine examination.

Hippocrates

his diagnostic methods included examining urine, listening to chest wounds, observing physical science and symptoms and correlating clinical findings with the disease.

Hippocrates

associated the presence of foam or bubbles in urine and the presence of blood or pus with kidney disease or other chronic illnesses

Galen

Described diabetes mellitus as excessive passage of urine. (Diarrhea of Urine)

Galen

Recognized the relationship between increased fluid intake and increased urine output

Uroscopy (Water Casting)

A primary diagnostic method in which physicians examined urine to assess disease.

matulas

Urine was collected in _______ and evaluated for color, clarity, odor, and sediment; physicians could be criticized or penalized for failing to perform uroscopy.

900 AD

One of the earliest texts describing urine's diagnostic features (color, clarity, consistency, and specific appearance) was published.

11th Century

restrictions imposed religious and social traditions which prevented physicians from conducting physical examines

11th Century

diagnosis relied heavily on patient's descriptions of symptoms, visual observations, and urine examination

anatomic dissection, systematic observations, mechanical diagnostic techniques

in the 18th Century, medicine became more scientific with the introduction of _______

Spirometer - John Hutchinson

used to measure lung capacity

Sphygmomanometer - Jules Herisson

used to measure blood pressure

mid 1800s

establishment of specialized clinical laboratories

20th century

rapid advances in biology, chemistry, microbiology, immunology, and technology transferred medical technology into a highly specialized profession/

electronic instrumentation, automated analyzers, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and advanced imaging technique

enumerate the 7 technologies that increased the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of laboratory diagnosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

this agency helped strengthened the regulation and standardization of clinical laboratory practices in the US

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Promotes quality assurance, laboratory safety, disease surveillance, and standardized diagnostic testing

High mortality rate of plagues and disease

Medicine and Medical Technology were advanced because of ________

Yersinia Pesitis

bacterium responsible for the plague

Compound microscope, Improved microscope, Stethoscope, Opthalmoscope, X-Ray, Electrocardiograph, Kennys Method, Drinker Respirator, Heart-Lung Method, Cardiac Catheterization

enumerate 11 Major Medical Inventions in the global context

Compound Microscope (1590 - Hans and Zaharias Janssen)

enabled the observation of microscopic structures, laying the foundation for laboratory science

Improved Microscope (1676-1683 - Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek)

First to observe bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, and red blood cells using a microscope

Stethoscope (1816 - René Laennec)

Revolutionized the examination of the heart and lungs through auscultation.

Ophthalmoscope (1850-1851 - Hermann von Helmholtz)

Allowed physicians to directly examine the interior of the eye.

Laryngoscope (1854-1855 - Manuel García)

Made visualization of the larynx and vocal cords possible.

X-ray (1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen)

Marked the beginning of diagnostic medical imaging and non-invasive internal examination.

Electrocardiograph (1903 - Willem Einthoven)

Enabled the recording and analysis of the heart's electrical activity for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases.

Kenny Method for Poliomyelitis Rehabilitation (1910s-1940s - Sister Elizabeth Kenny)

Introduced innovative rehabilitation techniques for patients affected by poliomyelitis.

Drinker Respirator/Iron Lung (1927 - Philip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw)

Provided mechanical ventilation for patients with respiratory paralysis, particularly those with polio.

Heart-Lung Machine (1930s-1953 - John H. Gibbon Jr.)

Made open-heart surgery possible by temporarily replacing the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery.

Cardiac Catheterization (1941 - André Cournand and Dickinson W. Richards)

Allowed direct evaluation of heart function and paved the way for modern cardiovascular diagnostics and angiography.

Electron Microscope

enabled scientists and researchers to visualize cellular and subcellular structured at extremely high magnifications

Computer Technology

Enabled advanced diagnostic imaging techniques such as CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Provide detailed images of internal organs and tissues, allowing earlier and more accurate disease detection.

prosthetic and implantable devices

Biomedical Engineering led to _________ such as artificial heart valves, vascular grafts, artificial joints, cochlear implants, and artificial limbs.

Restore function, improve mobility, and enhance quality of life for people with disabilities or organ dysfunction.

Impact of Biomedical Engineering Innovations

robotic-assisted surgery, minimally invasive procedures, genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics, personalized medicine, and telemedicine

Transformed patient care by improving diagnostic precision, reduce recovery time, and expand access to healthcare services.

longer life expectancy, improved disease prevention, more effective treatments, and better patient outcomes

Continuous technological advancements have contributed to:

The establishment of clinical laboratories

The standardization of laboratory practices

The professionalization of laboratory personnel

What three major milestones marked the development and growth of Medical Technology in the United States?

Establishment of Clinical Laboratories

became increasingly important in disease diagnosis and patient management, hospitals recognized the need for dedicated laboratory facilities staffed by trained personnel

William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

in 1895 the first modern clinical laboratories in the United States was established

Dr. John A. Kolmer

advocated for the establishment of a

National Certification Program for Medical Technologists

National Certification Program for Medical Technologists

Dr John Kolmer advocated for this to ensure competency and promote uniform certification program for medical technologists

Clinical Pathology

Bacteriology

Microbiology

Serology

Clinical Chemistry

Hematology

Radiology

enumerate the 7 sections that clinical laboratories were divided into:

Clinical Laboratory Sections (1920s)

Laboratories under the supervision of a Chief Pathologist or Laboratory Director were organized into

ASCP (1922)

American Society for Clinical Pathology

established to advance the practice of clinical pathology

close collaboration between professionals; established professional and ethical standards; laboratory personnel should not independently diagnose diseases

enumerate the 3 American Society for Clinical Pathology rules:

Licensure and credentialing laws

in 1950s the Medical Technologists of US sought professional recognition through:

Professional recognition and protection of public health

What resulted from the licensure, credentialing, and certification efforts of Medical Technologists in the 1950s?

Hospital Real; it served military personnel

What hospital was established in Cebu in 1565, and who did it serve?

1565

When was Hospital Real established?

San Lazaro Hospital

What hospital was established in 1578 for leprosy and other diseases?

1578

When was San Lazaro Hospital established?

Hospital de San Juan de Dios

What hospital was established in 1596 for poor Spaniards?

1596

When was Hospital de San Juan de Dios established?

1611

When was the University of Santo Tomas (UST) founded?

It is the oldest existing university in Asia

What distinction does the University of Santo Tomas (UST) hold?

The Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy were opened

What significant event occurred at UST in 1871?

The Board of Health and Charity

What organization was established in 1883 to oversee public health programs

1883

When was the Board of Health and Charity organized

laboratorio Municipal de Manila

What was the first government laboratory in the Philippines?

1887

When was the Laboratorio Municipal de Manila established

It was the first government laboratory in the Philippines

Why is the Laboratorio Municipal de Manila significant?

Food examination, water examination, and clinical specimen testinG

What services did the Laboratorio Municipal de Manila provide

late 19th century

Spanish physicians increasingly embraced bacteriology and microbiology

1565-1898

spanish colonial period

Bureau of Government Laboratories

American colonial goverment established this through Philippine Commission Act No. 156.

1901

Bureau of Government Laboratories year

Biological Laboratory

(Diagnostic techniques, Microbiological research)

Chemical Laboratory

(Analysis of food, water, plants, minerals, chemicals)

Serum Laboratory

(Vaccine production, Biologic preparations)

enumerate the three divisions of the bureau of government laboratories

Biological Laboratory

responsible for developing diagnostic techniques, conducting microbiological research, and studying diseases

chemical laboratory

conducted analyses of food, water, plants, minerals, and chemical substances

serum laboratory

produced vaccines and biological preparations for disease prevention

Dr. Paul C. Freer

the bureaus first director that equipped the biological laboratory with modern laboratory instruments in order to facilitate efficient scientific investigation and diagnostic testing