1.4: Cognitive approach

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41 Terms

1
Internal mental processes
The human process of collecting and processing information to understand the world.
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2
Schemas
Collections of information about a subject, collated from mainly experience.
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3
Irrational thoughts
Also called dysfunctional thoughts. In Ellis's model and therapy, these are defined as thoughts that are likely to interfere with a person's happiness. Such dysfunctional thoughts lead to mental disorders such as depression.
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4
ABCDE
In REBT, a model for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions.
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5
Activating event
The A in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.
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6
Irrational beliefs
The B in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.
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7
Consquences
The C in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.
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8
Disputing
The D in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.
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9
Effects of disputing
The E in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.
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10
Logical
Self-defeating beliefs do not follow logically from the information available.
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11
Empirical
Self-defeating beliefs are not consistent with reality.
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12
Pragmatic
Emphasising the uselessness of self-defeating beliefs.
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13
Musturbatory thinking
Thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true in order for an individual to be happy.
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14
Unconditional positive regard
How a therapist should treat an REBT patient - with unconditional respect.
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15
90
The success rate Ellis claimed for REBT.
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16
Silverman et al
Concluded from a review of 89 studies that REBT is more effective or equal to other forms of therapy.
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17
Irrational environments
Term for abusive environments that cannot be overcome with REBT; they are the direct cause of negative thinking.
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18
Client distress
The issue with the forcefulness of the therapists in cognitive therapies.
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19
Non-clinical
No diagnosed illness but still dealing with issues, e.g: stress.
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20
40.8
Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other".
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21
39.3
Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they collided into each other".
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22
38.1
Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other".
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23
34.0
Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other".
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24
31.8
Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they contacted into each other".
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25
Loftus and Palmer
Psychologists who conducted the 'reconstruction of automobile destruction' study.
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26
Response-bias factor
Responses become biased due to leading questions.
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27
Altered memory representation
Leading questions alter a person's memory, which therefore changes their responses.
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28
Experiment 1
The experiment that asks the speed of the car using different verbs.
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29
Experiment 2
Experiment that asked leading questions, with a follow up about broken glass.
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30
16
How many in the smashed condition reported broken glass?
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31
7
How many in the hit condition reported broken glass?
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32
6
How many in the control condition reported broken glass?
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33
Psychological harm
Damage and distress caused an experience, such as witnessing a car crash or robbery.
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34
Idiographic approaches
A focus on individual cases to understand behaviour.
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35
Nomothetic approaches
A focus on forming general rules of understanding behaviour.
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36
Holism
Looking into all factors instead of focusing on specific parts.
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37
SCBHC
Smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted.
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38
Computer analogy
Human information processing may be similar to the steps and operations in a computer program, similar to the flow of information from input to output.
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39
Depressive realists
Group of people seen to view the world more accurately than those more optimistic.
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40
Religious people
Group of people who may have thoughts considered irrational by their therapist.
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41
Foster et al
Found that those who witnessed a real robbery gave a more accurate description than those who didn’t.
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