BSC1085C Cumulative Final Exam Review: Chapters 1-16

Vocabulary flashcards covering chapters 1 through 16 of the BSC1085C anatomy course study guide, focusing on key terms, structures, and clinical impacts.

Cytology

The study of cells, as listed in the Chapter 1 overview of Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology.

Gross Anatomy

The study of the structural features of the body that can be seen without a microscope.

Negative feedback

A primary homeostatic mechanism that maintains equilibrium by counteracting changes in a system.

Dissociation

The process by which molecules (like electrolytes) separate into smaller particles, such as ions, in a solution.

Electrolytes

Solutes that dissociate in water into ions and are capable of conducting electricity.

Eicosanoids

A group of lipids derived from fatty acids that include prostaglandins and act as chemical messengers.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Fluid-mosaic model

The concept used to describe the arrangement of molecules in the Plasma Membrane.

Hemolysis

The rupture of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) specifically occurring in hypotonic solutions.

Crenation

The shrinking or shriveling of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) specifically occurring in hypertonic solutions.

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells located within lacunae.

Avascular

Lacking a blood supply; a characteristic specifically noted for cartilage.

Five major manifestations of inflammation

The response signals of tissue damage and inflammation.

Stratum basale

Also known as the stratum germinativum, it is a layer of the epidermis.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that break down bone matrix.

Osteon

The functional unit of compact bone, also known as the Haversian system.

Trabeculae

The interconnecting rods or plates of bone that make up spongy bone.

Cleft Lip or Palate

A clinical impact condition mentioned in the context of bone anatomy/development.

Osteoporosis

A systems pathology involving the loss of bone density.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A clinical impact condition involving compression of nerves in the wrist.

Synovial joints

Joint types classified as plane (gliding), saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, and ellipsoid.

Propagate

The spread or travel of an action potential along a muscle or nerve fiber.

All-or-none principle

The principle stating that an action potential occurs completely or not at all if the threshold is met.

Agonist

The muscle that accomplishes a certain movement, such as flexion.

Antagonist

A muscle acting in opposition to an agonist.

Synergist

A muscle that works with the agonist to produce a specific movement.

Soma

The cell body of a neuron, responsible for protein synthesis.

Meningeal Membranes

The layers surrounding the spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Lumbar puncture

Also called a spinal tap, a clinical procedure where CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space.

Phrenic nerve

The nerve responsible for diaphragm innervation.

Sciatic nerve

Also called the ischiadic nerve, it is composed of the tibial and common fibular nerves.

Arbor vitae

The tree-like pattern of white matter in the cerebellum.

Aphasia

A clinical impact condition affecting speech, related to Wernicke and Broca areas.

Ataxia

A condition resulting from cerebellar lesions characterized by imbalance and lack of coordination.

Sclera

The outermost tunic of the eyeball.

Adrenergic receptors

ANS receptors typically associated with postganglionic sympathetic fibers.