exam 2 summer MSATMU 2025

sudden cardiac arrest

also called sudden cardiac death, a sudden abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. can happen from congenital heart abnormalities or traumatic event

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

congential heart defect characterized by an abnormal enlargement or thickening of the left ventricular wall of the heart in the absence of a cardiac or systemic condition that produces left ventricular hypertrophy

commotio cordis

sudden cardiac death that occurs as a result of a blow to the chest that is during repolarization phase (15 to 30 millisecond), this occurs most often in children due to the pliability of the chest wall. survival rate is 15%

management of sudden cardiac arrest

immediate CPR and AED use, early activation of EMS, high suspicion of this should be maintained for any collapsed and unresponsive athlete.

myocardial infarction

also known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a decrease in oxygenated blood flow to the heart muscle due to a blockage of a coronary artery, signs and symptoms: chest pain, profusive sweating, respiratory difficulty, nausea, dizziness, pain in the arm (left) neck, jaw, and back

management of myocardial infarction

activate emergency action plan/EMS immediately, perform a thorough assessment, place the victim in a comfortable position (in reclining), loosen any restrictive clothing, high-flow oxygen be administered if available, continuusly monitor vital signs and be prepared to provide resuscitation or defibrillation if the victim’s condition deteriorates

angina pectoris

transient chest pain that results when the heart’s demand for oxygenated blood exceeds supply from the coronary arteries, which can be caused from coronary artery spasm. signs and symptoms are similar to myocardial infarction. nitroglycerine is often prescribed

stroke

also known as cerebrovascular accident, defined as a decrease in oxygenated blood flow to the brain, signs and symptoms: numbness, decrease or loss of function of the face arm or leg, usually affecting one side of the body, sudden severe headaches, vision distrubances, unequal pupils, loss of balance or coordination, mental confusion, difficulty speaking or swallowing, or loss of bowel and bladder control

ishemic stroke

caused by a blood vessel blockage (atherosclerosis, thrombus or embolus)

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when an artery carrying blood to the brain ruptures (traumatic injury, trauamtic aneurysim)

management of a stroke

activate EMS, protect the airway, assess vital signs, perform a detailed histroy and physical exam, administer high flow oxygen if trained, transport by EMS to the nearest hospital immediatelyardiac

cardiac tamponade

compression of the heart caused by a collection of blood or fluid in the pericardial sac, most often caused by penetration of the chest cavity (rare in sports), signs and symptoms: signs and symptoms of shock, hypotension, jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, paradoxical pulse. major differential diagnosis in the field is tension pneumothorax

traumatic aortic rupture

Rare in sports, most common in motor vehicle accidents and falls, patients often die immediately. usually due to deceleration injury with the heart and aortic arch moving suddenly anteriorly, transecting the aorta, athletes may present with upper extremity hypertension and diminished pulsed in the lower extremity

myocardial contusion

potentially life threatining, caused by blunt trauma to the chest, right atrium and ventricle are the most common contusion due to the position of the heart, signs and symptoms: chest pain, dysrhythmiam, or cardiogenic shock, due to mechanisms of injury, chest pain may be difficult to differentiate from musculoskeletal discomfort (sternal contusion, rib contusion/fracture

cardiac arrhythmia

abnormal heart electrophysiology can produce this (abnormal heart rhythms), can reduce cardiac output impairing perfusion of the myocardium or the brain and causing myocardial infarction or a syncopal or near-syncopal episode. signs and symptoms: palpitations, syncope, near syncope, dizziness, fatigue, or sudden death.

syncope

loss of consciousness caused by a decrease of oxygenated blood to the brain, condition can be benig, such as due to emotional distress or orthostatic hypotension, can also be an indicator of cardiac insufficiency.

valve and blood vessel disorders

aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, mitral valve regurgitation