YEAR 10 MIND & BODY EXAM SEM 1

pink = mind & body connection, light blue = nervous system, green = neurons, dark blue = gut-brain axis, purple = neuroplasticity, orange = cells and chromosomes, light pink = cell division, teal = inheritance

HOMEOSTASIS

• Maintaining stable internal conditions despite internal and external changes

• it helps regulate the body.

  • If the body is too hot or too cold, it could be fatal and homeostasis ensures that vital processes can function properly

TWO SYSTEMS USED FOR INTERNAL CONDITIONS

endocrine system & nervous system

DEFINITION: STIMULUS RESPONSE MODEL

• a framework explaining behaviour as a reaction to environmental changes

• some responses will be insignificant while others may be life-threatening

FRAMEWORK: STIMULUS RESPONSE MODEL

1. stimulus - a change in the enviromentimpulse in

2. Receptor - senses that detect the change

3. control center - Brain/CNS processes the info → decides

3. effector - The muscle or gland that carries out the work

4. Response - final action

TWO FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

Negative Feedback - the response reduces the original stimulus

Positive Feedback - the response increases the original stimulus.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

• control process that ensures organisms maintain homeostasis

• body detects a change and then produces a response that reverses that change to return to stable conditions.

  • A receptor senses the change (e.g. temperature rising)

  • A control centre (brain) decides what to do

  • An effector (muscle/organ/gland) acts to fix it

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

increases the impact of the stimulus resulting in an increasingly

amplified response which does not maintain homeostasis (FIX!!!!!!!)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hormones are specific

- A particular stimulus will only affect a specific group of hormone secreting cells

- Only the cell/s which possess the specific receptor can respond to the particular hormone

these cells are called target cells

Hormone delivery:

- Hormones are carried in the blood to reach target cells

- Affect cells that are widely distributed throughout the body

- Slower in speed than nervous responses however their affects are longer in duration

Endocrine Glands typically produce and release hormones directly into the circulatory system for transport

(FIX!!!!!!!)

TYPES OF NEURONS

Sensory (afferent) neuron: carries information towards the CNS

Motor (efferent) neuron: carries information away from the CNS

Interneuron: Interneuron: connects neurons together – located in the CNS

PITUITARY GLAND & RELATIONSHIP W/ HYPOTHALAMUS

The Pituitary Gland in the brain is sometimes called the master endocrine gland.

This is because it controls so much of the hormone release throughout the body!

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus often work closely together.

(FIX!!!!!!!)

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• comprises of the brain, spinal cord and connecting nerve cells.

• rapid response system – direct pathway of communication.

• receptors synapse onto nerves which then synapse onto effectors = muscles/organs/glands.

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System

• Sends and receives messages to and from the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Consists of:

  • Brain

  • Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

• Sends and receives messages to and from the Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Consists of:

  • Somatic Nervous System

  • Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

• Consists of:

  • Sympathetic Nervous System

  • Parasympathetic Nervous System

  • Enteric Nervous System

THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Receive information

2. Integrate and process information

3. Respond to information

THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

KEY STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE HINDBRAIN

responsible for basic survival functions such as breathing and heart rate.

KEY STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE MIDBRAIN

acts as a relay center for sensory and motor information, integrating visual and auditory processing with movement control.

KEY STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE FOREBRAIN

involved in complex cognitive functions, emotions, memory, and decision-making.

4 LOBES OF THE BRAIN & THEIR FUNCTIONS

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

• occipital

4 LOBES OF THE BRAIN & THEIR CORTEX AREAS

SPINAL CORD STRUCUTRE

• A column of nerve fibres extending from the base of brain (brain stem) to the lower back. 

• Encased in a series of bones called the vertebrae.

THREE FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD

1. Receive information from the body

2. Send motor information to the body

3. Initiate spinal reflex - survival response

DEFINITION: SPINAL REFLEX

• survival response

(FIX!!!!!!!)

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Sends sensory information to the CNS for processing

• Carries motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles under voluntary control

Summary:  Receives sensory information from the external and internal world and responsible for voluntary movement.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Connects the CNS to the body’s internal organs and glands (many of which are “autonomous”)

• Regulates activity of visceral muscles (control the activity of internal organs)

• Continuously functions with or without conscious control

Under the Autonomic Nervous System…

• Sympathetic Nervous System

• Parasympathetic Nervous System

KEY DIFFERENCES IN SOMATIC & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (function & control)

(FIX!!!!!!!)

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

(FIX!!!!!!!)

Sympathetic Nervous System

• Activated to enhance survival by providing an immediate response in a split second

• Prepares body for vigorous activity, stressful and/or threatening situations

• Fight-Flight Response

Parasympathetic  Nervous System

• Maintains balance (“homeostasis”) to minimise energy use

Reverses the response of the sympathetic nervous system to restore bodily functioning to a normal state

NEURON STRUCTURE

• dendrites

• cell body

• axon

• myelin sheath

• axon terminals

  

(FIX!!!!!!!)

• Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system that transmit information throughout the body.

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, the cell body processes these signals, and the axon transmits the signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

ELECTROCHEMICAL COMMUNICATION

Electrical within the neuron, chemical across the synapse 

(FIX!!!!!!!)

SYNAPSE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

○ Presynaptic neuron, synaptic gap, postsynaptic neuron, receptor sites 

(FIX!!!!!!!)

DEFINITION: VAGUS NERVE

DEFINITION: GUT BRAIN AXIS

• bidirectional relationship, the 90/10 spit

MICROBIOTA VS MICROBIOME

• def & distinction?

DEFINITION: MICROBIOTA

DEFINITION: MICROBIOME

HOW GUT HEALTH AFFECTS MOOD

• Serotonin production in the gut, dysbiosis and its link to anxiety and depression 

FOUR TYPES OF NEUROPLASTICITY

Developmental, adaptive, experience-expectant, experience-dependent

DEFINE: DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPLASTICITY

Developmental plasticity is the brain’s ability to change and grow in response to experiences during early life. It happens naturally as the brain develops, especially during childhood and adolescence.

eg. learning to speak a language, walking

DEFINE: ADAPTIVE NEUROPLASTICITY

Adaptive plasticity is the brain’s ability to change and rewire itself to adjust to new situations or recover from damage, like injury or stroke.

eg. if one part of the brain is damaged, another part may take over its function to help a person relearn skills like walking or speaking.

DEFINE: EXPERIENCE-EXPECTANT NEUROPLASTICITY

Brain development that occurs in response to universal experiences that almost all humans encounter.

eg. learning to see or hear in infancy, exposure to language in early childhood

DEFINITION: EXPERIENCE-DEPENDANT NEUROPLASTICITY

Brain changes that occur in response to individual and unique experiences that vary between people.

eg. learning to play a musical instrument, becoming a skilled taxi driver, mastering a sport

DEFINITION: ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY

• The three stores (sensory, short-term, long-term) and the processes that move information between them (attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval) 

SENSORY MEMORY

• processes that move information between them (attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval) 

Function: Receives sensory information from the external environment
Capacity: Potentially unlimited

Duration: 0.2 - 4 seconds

SHORT TERM MEMORY

• processes that move information between them (attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval) 

where all conscious learning, perceiving, feeling, thinking, reasoning and other mental processes take place.

Function:

• Receives information from sensory memory

• Transfers information to and from long-term memory

• Maintains info in conscious awareness for immediate use

Capacity: 7 +/- 2 bits of information OR 5 - 9 bits of information

Duration: 18 - 20 seconds OR Up to 30 seconds

Note: can last longer if information is rehearsed

LONG TERM MEMORY

• processes that move information between them (attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval) 

Function: Information is stored for later use and re-access

Capacity: Potentially unlimited

Duration: Potentially permanent

BRAIN AREAS ASSOCIATED W/ MEMORY

Hippocampus - encoding, consolidation and retrieval of memories.

Amygdala - attaches emotions to memories.

Neocortex - storing of long term memories.

THE BRAIN AREAS ASSOCIATED W/ MEMORY INTERACTING

• how they interact

DEFINITION: OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Attention: The individual must focus on the model’s behaviour.

Retention: The behaviour must be remembered and stored in memory.

Reproduction: The individual must be physically and mentally capable of reproducing the behaviour.

Motivation: The individual must desire to perform the behaviour.

Reinforcement: If the behaviour is reinforced, the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated increases.

FUNCTION OF A CELL

Key organelles and what they do (cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles…) 

STRUCTURE OF A CELL

Key organelles and what they do (cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles…) 

DIFFERENCES & SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS

STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSONES

○ What they are, where they are found, and what they carry 

DEFINITION: KARYOTYPING

• how it is done, and what it can reveal

TYPES OF CELL DIVISION & PURPOUSES

• binary fission

• mitosis

• meisos

STAGES OF MITOSIS

• IPMANT, WHAT HAPPENS AT EACH STAGE

KEY EVENTS OF MEIOSIS | & MEIOSIS ||

• CROSSOVER & RECOMBINATION

KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEIOSIS & MITOSIS

• Number of divisions, cells produced, genetic outcome, purpose 

DEFINE: ALLELE

Different forms of the same gene

DEFINE: GENOTYPE

a combination of alleles inherited from one parent

• two alleles of particular gene are the same → homozygus

• two alles are different → hetrozyguys

DEFINE: PHENOTYPE

A trait that is shown on an organism is known as it’s phenotype

eg. brown hair, dark skin, blue eyes

DEFINE: HOMOZYGOUS

two allels of a particular gene are the same

DEFINE: HETROZYGOUS

two alleles of a particular gene are different. there are two types: dominant and recessive

DEFINE: DOMINANT

• the trait that overides the other is the dominant trait

DEFINE: RECESSIVE

• trait that is being overridden => recessive