Pharmacology Final

When two drugs are compared, the drug that requires a lower dose to produce the same effect as a higher dose of the second drug is said to _____ ?

be more potent

Anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids) are often effective in controlling inflammation in RA, but prolonged use of large systemic doses can cause?

Osteoporosis, muscle wasting, hypertension, and diabetes Mellitus

(all of the above)

The liver can adapt to medicine after exposure. What is this called?

Enzyme induction

Which of the following drug categories is not used to treat cancer?

drugs that increase mitosis

Which of the following drugs is not used to treat parkinson’s ?

antipsychotics, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers

Which drugs are used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

Dopa

Trihexphenidyl

Amantadine

Bromocriptine

Pergocide

Selegiline

Tolcapone

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A radiograph shows a fracture line between the greater and lesser trochanters of the hip. What is this fracture called?

 intertrochanteric fracture 

A radiograph shows a fracture line below the greater and lesser trochanters of the hip. What is this fracture called?

subtrochanteric fracture 

What percent of hip dislocations are posterior?

90%

A radiograph shows a fracture of a the spinous process of a vertebra with an anterior dislocation. What is this called?

spondylolisthesis

A radiograph shows an image of a hip with arrows pointing to the joint between the femur head and acetabulum. What is the condition?

osteoarthritis

A radiograph shows an image of both hip joints and is pointing to the head of both femurs. What is the likely condition of this patient?

bilateral hip avascular necrosis

What is the name of a proximal fracture of the first metacarpal of the hand (2 bone pieces)?

bennet’s fracture

What is the name of a proximal fracture of the first metacarpal of the hand (thumb) where there are two fracture lines (3 bone pieces)?

rolando’s fracture 

What is the name of a distal fracture of the fifth metacarpal (pinky finger)?

boxer’s fracture

What is the best way to view an odontoid fracture?

open mouthed

What drugs block muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

• drugs that end in “ine” such as Methantheline

• anticholinergics

  • oxybutynin, Methantheline bromide

What happens when alpha one receptor is stimulated?

• vasoconstriction of vessels in mucous membranes which leads to increased blood pressure

• pupil dilation

  • fight or flight response 

Antagonist occupation of Alpha one receptors results in _____

vasodilation (used to lower blood pressure)

Alpha and beta receptors are the two primary subcategories of _____?

adrenergic receptors

 Diuretics ____ urine output by ____ sodium reabsorption

• increase urine output

  • decreasing sodium reabsorption

Nonselective beta blockers may produce bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma and similar respiratory disorders because nonselective beta blockers ______ 

block beta-2 receptors in the lungs

Calcium channel blockers can help reduce high blood pressure by?

inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction

What should a patient do if they are taking lipitor and zocor and are experiencing muscle soreness/fatigue?

• these are statin cholesterol-lowering medications 

• the patient should switch to a different statin (hydrophilic) or reduce statin dose

• consider non-statin lipid lowering therapy

  • temporarily suspend or dose-space the statin

• Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin D

In a patient with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT), anticoagulant therapy is typically initiated with___to achieve rapid control of clotting, and then switched over to___for long term management or prevention of DVT

• heparin

  • oral anticoagulants

What is insulin's primary role? This in turn decreases the level of which hormone?

• to lower blood sugar (glucose) levels

• glucagon

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include all of the following except _____

obesity

Which drugs treat cancer (question on exam is what does not, so look for option that is not one of these)

Alkylating Agents

Antimetabolics

Antibiotics

Plant Alkyloids

Hormones 

Biological response modifiers

Misc

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What is a side effect of using antibacterial or antiviral medications for patients with cancer?

• immunosuppression

• increased risk of secondary infections

Which imaging modalities are not used for Parkinson's?

x-rays and CT scans

What are multislice CT scans typically most used for?

• rapid evaluation of trauma

• vascular imaging

• chest and abdomen emergencies

An intracranial hematoma will appear as _____

acute: bright white

subacute/chronic: dark space

What type of beta blockers reduce/prevent bronchospasm?

selective beta blockers; these target beta 1 receptors which are in the heart as opposed to beta 2 receptors which are in the lungs

Hematoma that looks like a lens

epidural hematoma

Hematoma that looks like a crescent

subdural hematoma

Cromones such as cromolyn sodium can help prevent airway irritation and bronchospasm in people with asthma by

inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes from pulmonary mast cells 

 What does it mean to have decreased density in the chest cavity in a chest radiograph?

Higher presence of air as a result of air penetrating the lungs (ex, pneumothorax or emphysema)

This question was a chest radiograph with all black in the chest cavity

emphysema

Cholinergic antagonists can be useful in the treatment of the following conditions EXCEPT

irritable bowel syndrome

A drug that affects nicotinic cholinergic receptors will affect activity in both divisions of the ANS because

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are located at the junction between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

Brain picture- hypo something (Mr Happy slice)

Hypodense=darker=ischemic stroke or chronic/subacute hemorrhage 

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) can help ____ blood pressure by ____ the formation of angiotension II

Decrease, decreasing

Systemic heat (Hubbard tank) should be avoided in patients taking ___ drugs because the combo of these two interventions will cause excessive hypotension

vasodilator

Which of the following drugs will promote bronchodilation?

Xanthine derivatives such as theophyllines

What is the primary problem associated with insulin administration?

hypoglycemia

Newer “second-generation” antihistamines such as cetirizine (Zytec) and desloratidine (Clarinex) may be preferred to traditional antihistamines because these newer drugs ____

cause less sedation

To selectively produce bronchodilation, a drug should ___ receptors in airway smooth muscle

stimulate beta-2

All of the following drug strategies can be used as part of a comprehensive plan to increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women EXCEPT

vitamin C

What is another name for osteoarthritis?

periarticular sclerosis

Fracture of a proximal phlanax

skier’s thumb

NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit all of the following effects EXCEPT?

The ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma

All of the following are characteristics of type I diabetes mellitus EXCEPT?

Tissue sensitivity to insulin is low

All of the following drugs can be used to treat PD except:

Dopamine antagonists

Drugs such as cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac) that selectively block histamine type-2 receptors (H2) on the stomach parietal cells.

Prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid

Beta blockers are cardioselective if they bind preferentially to

beta 1 receptors