PHYSICS 2 (CH 25/PART II)- Image Formation with Mirrors and Lenses (Geometric Optics)

Real image

An image formed where rays of light actually intersect.

Virtual image

An image formed where rays of light appear to originate.

Upright image

An image that is oriented in the same direction as the object.

Inverted image

An image that is oriented in the opposite direction to the object.

Object distance (𝑝)

The distance from the object to the mirror or lens.

Image distance (𝑞)

The distance from the image to the mirror or lens.

Magnification (𝑀)

The ratio of image height to object height, expressed as 𝑀 = ℎ′/ℎ.

Flat mirror

A mirror that produces an unmagnified, virtual, and upright image.

Principal Axis

The line that passes through the center of curvature and the focal point of a mirror or lens.

Focal/Image Point (𝐹)

The point where parallel rays of light either converge or appear to diverge.

Radius of Curvature (𝑅)

The radius of the sphere from which the mirror is a segment.

Focal Length (𝑓)

The distance from the focal point to the mirror or lens, calculated as 𝑓 = 𝑅/2.

Concave mirror

A mirror that curves inward and can produce real or virtual images depending on the object distance.

Convex mirror

A mirror that curves outward and always produces virtual, upright, and smaller images.

Ray Diagram for Mirror

A graphical representation showing how rays of light interact with mirrors.

Spherical Mirror Equations

Equations used to relate object distance (𝑝), image distance (𝑞), and focal length (𝑓): 1/𝑝 + 1/𝑞 = 1/𝑓.

Converging lens

A lens that is thicker at the center than at the rim and can focus light.

Diverging lens

A lens that is thinner at the center than at the rim and spreads light rays apart.

Image Formation By Lenses

The process of forming images using the law of refraction and the properties of lenses.

Thin Lens Equations

Equations relating object distance (𝑝), image distance (𝑞), and focal length (𝑓) for lenses: 1/𝑝 + 1/𝑞 = 1/𝑓.

Converging Lens: Case 1

If the object is outside of the focal point (𝑝 > 𝑓), the image is real and inverted.

Converging Lens: Case II

If the object is inside the focal point (𝑝 < 𝑓), the image is virtual and upright.

Diverging Lens

The image is virtual, upright, and smaller than the object.

Thin Lens Example Problem

An example involving an object 10 cm from a lens producing an upright image one-fifth as large as the object.