APUSH Unit 2

All the important chronology + key terms

First Africans brought to Virginia (1619)

The Africans became indentured servants, similar in legal position to many poor Englishmen who traded several years labor in exchange for passage to America. With the success of tobacco planting, African Slavery was legalized in Virginia and Maryland, becoming the foundation of the Southern agrarian economy.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The FIRST CONSTITUTION OF THE USA! This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the settlers agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. Pledged loyalty to the King.

Roger Williams establishes Rhode Island (1636)

A preacher who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts (1630’s —> 1640’s)

Puritans wanted to remove all "taints" from the Church of England. Feared individualistic behavior and formed communities of support and assumed responsibility for all people around them. (holy watchers) the "Promised Land"- establish holy communities devoted to serving God. "City on a Hill."

William Penn established Pennsylvania (1681)

Son of very wealthy Sir Admiral William Penn. One of wealthiest sugar planters. Rebelled against his parents. Founded Pennsylvania for the QUAKERS—tolerant of all people, religions, and ethnicity. nicknamed the Society of friends

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Wave of hysteria swept through Massachusetts regarding outrageous religious convictions and proposed witchcraft. 150 people arrested, 26 convicted. this changed the dynamics of wealth because the wealthy were accused of witchcraft more often than the poor (if convicted, they lose property)

James Oglethorpe established Georgia (1732)

Social reformer who established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors (the poor who were in debtor's prison)

Jonathan Edwards sparked the Great Awakening (1734)

Wrote "sinners in the hands of an angry god", Puritan Minister sparked the Great revival of religion

The Great Awakening (1734)

Puritanical era where religion became important because people feared they were going to be punished by God. Johnathan Edwards.

The French and Indian War (1754 —> 1763)

(7 years war) French & Natives vs. English & Colonists. Ended in 1763 with victory at Quebec ended seven years' war with the British winning. The Taking of Montreal in 1760 ended french as a major power. Natives sided with french as they were the lesser of two evils and had inter-racial relations and treated them with respect.

1608- French Exploration

France goes to Canada and explores all the way to Mississippi. New France is sandwiched between Spain and England (which leads to a series of wars).

New Amsterdam

The small land acquired by the Dutch that the English later takes over and names New York

Direct Rule

Tight Control; often used by Spain to keep control of the colonies

Mercantilism in Spain

A system in which the profit goes to the king and queen; in the American trade, 20% of the profit went to the monarchy.

Catholicism Reconquista

In which they recaptured territory from Muslims and Jew rulers (completed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492

Spanish Inquisition

People who didn’t convert were forced to convert or tortured to death (specifically they had to convert to Catholicism)

The French - Huron Alliance (1615 —> 1649)

The French-Huron alliance was a strategic partnership in North America, primarily in the 17th and 18th centuries, where the French relied on the Huron for the fur trade and military support against their rivals, the Iroquois Confederacy. The Huron, in turn, sought European goods and military aid from the French to strengthen their position.

Samuel de Champlain (1608)

Founded Quebec

Indirect Control

Unlike Spain, England was not directly in charge and the people there could make laws.

The Three Powers

Democracy, Capitalism and Slavery; First came capitalism, then slavery and finally democracy.

Capitalism

The economic system of private ownership, profit-driven competition, and contractual exchange that shaped American history

House of Burgesses (1619)

The first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619 that make laws for the colony, levy taxes, and have a say in local governance. To be in it, you had to own land.

Indentured Servants

European migrants who agreed to work in the American colonies for a set period, typically four to seven years, in exchange for passage to North America; Biggest group of 1676. Ended around 1700, during the extreme rise of slavery.

Class Based Social Hierarchy

A strict, class-based system determined by wealth, land ownership, and family connections, with a rigid racial structure in Spanish colonies.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Jamestown, 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Barbadous Slave Codes (1661)

First formal and comprehensive statute in the English colonies to govern the treatment of enslaved people, fundamentally defining them as chattel property rather than human beings.

1865

Over 4.3 million African Slaves in the United States

Richard Mather

Patriarch of the family and a key figure in the Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts in 1635. Was a devout minister and writer who helped establish the framework for New England Congregationalism, with his papers including a draft of the Cambridge Platform.

Increase Mather

Son of Richard, and a prominent Puritan minister. Served as president of Harvard and was a powerful voice in Massachusetts' religious and political life. He and his son Cotton eventually argued for greater caution in the Salem trials.

Cotton Mather

Initially a strong advocate for the use of spectral evidence in the Salem witch trials. Wrote extensively on the trials, with works like Wonders of the Invisible World fueling the hysteria. Later became more skeptical, and he and his father played a role in ending the trials by urging more reliable evidence.

Theocracy

A system where religious leaders rules

3 Colonial Areas

New England Colonies (Northern): Massachusetts

Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania; Southern Colonies

Virginia: South Carolina (1720-30s)

Tobacco

Virginia mostly grew

Massachusetts

Mostly grew rice and indigo

Bread Basket

Massachusetts, due to it producing a lot of different stuff was called

New England

This region had fewer indentured servants because it didn’t have much agricultural growth due to its cold weather and mixed economy.

Southern colonies

Which region had more conflict with Native Americans due their land based plantation needing more land and resources?

Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1609 —> 1646)

The Powhatan Wars were a series of three conflicts that lasted from 1609 to 1646. The first war was from 1609 to 1614, the second from 1622 to 1626, and the third from 1644 to 1646. While there were periods of peace between the wars, the conflicts took place over a span of approximately 37 years. The Powhatan Wars were caused by the English colonists' encroachment on Powhatan lands for settlement and resources, leading to escalating conflicts over land, resources, and differing cultural values

Covert resistance

Undercover resistance (ex: purposefully not working, damaging tools)

Overt resistance

Open or direct resistance (ex: Rebellion)

Jemmy

Enslaved African man, also known as Cato, who led the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 (trying to get them to Florida- because Spain made a rule that anyone who escaped to Florida could be freed, and even get paid to work)

Negro Act of 1780

Took away very few rights; Couldn't leave plantation without permission; Illegal to teach slaves to read and write

After 1740

When did freeing slaves became difficult to the point of asking for approval?

1820

When did Spanish Florida become a part of the United States?

Canada

Where did slaves began escaping to after British outlawed slavery in all their colonies?

Puritans

Which group was supposed to settle in Virginia but “accidentally” went North to Massachusetts?

Boston and Philadelphia

Which states are the merchant/banking capitals?

Beaver Wars (1604 —> 1701)

Series of brutal conflicts lasting from roughly 1640 to 1701, fought primarily between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Algonquian-speaking tribes of the Great Lakes, who were allied with the French

Wampanoag (1621)

Which Native group saved English Massachusetts in the first winter and teaches them to grow the three sisters?

Pequot Wars (1634-1638)

A conflict between the Pequot tribe and English colonists in New England ignited by escalating tensions over land and trade that culminated in the murder of English traders. The war resulted in the near-extermination of the Pequot people, most famously during the brutal Mystic Massacre.

Praying Towns (1651)

Settlements established by Puritan missionaries in 17th-century New England to Christianize Native Americans (ex: Natick).

Divine Rights

People believe that monarchs are rulers who are chosen from God and not the people and thus why they have power. Rule comes directly from God (meaning you can never be wrong).

King Philip’s War (1675 —> 1678)

A brutal conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes, led by Wampanoag leader Metacom (known as King Philip). The war, caused by colonists' land expansion and broken treaties, became the deadliest in U.S. history per capita.

Mine Silver + Forced Assimilation

Which did Spain in 1680 want to move to Southwest (especially Satna Fe)?

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

The Pueblo Revolt was a successful Native American uprising in 1680 that drove Spanish colonists out of present-day New Mexico for 12 years. Led by a Tewa leader named Po'pay, the revolt was a coordinated response to Spanish religious, economic, and political oppression, including forced labor and the suppression of Pueblo culture and religion.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy of loosely enforcing parliamentary laws in the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries, allowing them to develop a significant degree of self-governance and economic freedom.

Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663, 1673)

A series of British laws in the 17th and 18th centuries designed to enforce mercantilism by controlling colonial trade and shipping (not very forceful at first).

Molasses Act (1733)

A British law that imposed a heavy tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported into the American colonies from non-British territories, primarily the French West Indies (not enforced).

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

A law that granted religious freedom to Christians of different denominations in the colony, aiming to foster stability and attract settlers. It protected the rights of both Catholics and Protestants to worship freely, though it did not extend protections to non-Christians.

Protestant Reformation (1517 —> 1648)

The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when German monk Martin Luther posted his "95 Theses" in Wittenberg, Germany, challenging Catholic Church practices, especially selling indulgences (pardons for sin). Luther argued for salvation by faith alone (sola fide) and the Bible as the ultimate authority (sola scriptura), sparking a religious movement that split Western Christianity, leading to new denominations like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism, and profoundly impacting European politics, society, and culture,

Salutary Neglect (1607 —> 1763)

Salutary neglect was Britain's unofficial policy of loosely enforcing laws in the American colonies, allowing them significant self-governance and autonomy, especially regarding trade, fostering a strong sense of independence that ultimately led to resistance when Britain tried to end the practice after the French and Indian War to raise revenue.

Great Awakening (1730s + 1740s)

A series of Protestant religious revivals in the American colonies led by fiery preachers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, emphasizing emotional conversion, personal faith, and spiritual rebirth, challenging established church authority, creating new denominations (Baptists, Methodists), fostering a sense of American identity, and laying groundwork for challenging authority before the Revolution.