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physical development
growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health and wellness
cognitive development
learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
psychosocial development
emotions, personality and social relationships
normative approach
study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
developmental milestones
crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty
continuous development
cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous development
development takes place at unique stages
nature
biology and genetics
nurture
environment or culture
psychosexual development
process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
psychosocial development
Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development, motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas
schemata
concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
assimilation
take in information similar to what they already know
accommodation
change schemata based on new information
sensorimotor
describes Piaget's stage in which the child explores the world through interaction of his mouth and hands with the environment, object permanence, stranger anxiety
preoperational
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, pretend play, ecocentrism, language development
concrete operational
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
ecocentrism
cannot see the perspective of others
reversibility
objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition
Stages of Moral Reasoning
process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
conception
Sperm and ovum unite; also known as fertilization
zygote
fertilized egg
mitosis
cell division
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
placenta
A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply
prenatal care
the steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby
teratogen
any factor that can cause a birth defect
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin
gross motor
The action involving the large muscles of the body
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
secure base
refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment
secure attachment
toddler prefers parents over strangers
avoidant attachment
characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
resistant attachment
relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console
disorganized attachment
children with this show no clear pattern of behavior in response to a caregiver's absence or presence, instead show a mix of dif behaviors (avoidance, seeming dazed, frozen, confused, rocking)
- may be a red flag for abuse
authoritative style
reasonable demands, consistent limits, emotional support, explain rules
authoritarian style
a parenting style where parents are highly demanding and controlling, with little or no affection
permissive style
a parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules
uninvolved style
parenting that is neither supportive nor demanding because parents are indifferent
temperament
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
adolescence
the time period between the beginning of puberty and emerging adulthood
primary sexual characteristics
organs specifically needed for reproduction
secondary sexual characteristics
Bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction.
menarche
the first menstrual period
spermarche
first ejaculation
cognitive empathy
ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
emerging adulthood
the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age, focused on work and love
socioemotional selectivity theory
social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years
hospice
a home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.
