AP WORLD UNIT 4

Caravel

European small/fast ship used for long-distance ocean travel

Astrolabe

used to calculate longitude and latitude based on the stars

Lateen sail

triangular sail that moves easier with the wind

Mercantilism

country’s power is determined on wealth and power over trade

Joint-Stock Company

businesses owned through share holders that fund or invest

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, people, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

Encomienda System

labor system in Spanish colonies where natives worked for protection

Hacienda System

estate system in Spanish colonies where they used coerced labor from slaves and indigenous people

Chattel Slavery

people can be bought, sold, and inherited as property

Middle Passage

Terrible voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas through the Atlantic Slave Trade

Indentured Servitude

people contracted to work a period of time. often in exchange for passage to america

Casta System

social hierarchy based on race and ethnicity

Creoles

people of European decent born in the Americas

Mestizos

people of mixed indigenous and European ancestry

Mulattoes

people of mixed African and European ancestry

Mit’a System

required people to provide labor on state projects for a certain amount of time each year

Favorable Balance of Trade

state economies organized on exports rather than imports

Dutch East India Company

stock company with monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean

Trading Post Empire

outposts to control and facilitate trade rather than conquering land

Cash Cropping

agriculture focuses on growing crops for exports/trade

The Fronde

Local rebellions against Europe’s increased taxation

Maroon Societies

free (mostly runaway blacks that formed groups avoiding capture and oppression