Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

chapters 1-5

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

study of function

Characteristics of life

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement

Characteristics of life pt 2

metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

Metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in a living system

Requirements of organisms:

water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

The 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism

receptor, control center, effector

Function of receptor in homeostatic mechanisms

detects & provides info about stimuli

Function of control center in homeostatic mechanisms

decision maker that maintains the set point

Function of effector in homeostatic mechanism

muscle/gland that responds to stimuli & causes change

Negative feedback loop

most common; opposes initial change

Positive feedback loop

not homeostatic(requires a lot of energy); promotes initial change

Axial portion

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

upper & lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

located in head; houses brain

Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

located around spine; houses spinal chord & surrounded by vertebrae

Thoracic cavity

located in chest; houses heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, lungs

Diaphragm

muscle in between thoracic & abdominal cavity

Abdominal cavity

upper portion of abdominopelvic; houses stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large intestines

Organs located in abdominopelvic cavity are called:

viscera

Mediastinum 

between lungs; contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Pelvic cavity

lower abdominopelvic cavity; contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Pleural cavities

located on either side of mediastinum; contains lungs

Pericardial cavity

between pleural cavities, inferior to medisastinum; heart, blood vessels, pericardial fluid

Frontal sinuses

in between eyebrows

Orbital cavities

behind eyes; eyes, muscles, nerves

sphenoidal sinus

inferior and lateral to orbital cavities

Nasal cavity

behind nose, connects to other airway passages

Middle ear (tympanic) cavity

behind ear, connects to nasal & oral cavities; middle ear bones

Oral cavity

inside mouth, connects to nasal & middle ear cavities; teeth, tongue 

Serous membranes

double layer membrane that lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; secretes serous fluid

Serous fluid

slipper fluid that prevents friction

Visceral layer of serous membran

inner layer; covers organs

Parietal layer of serous membrane

outer layer; lines walls of cavities 

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

around abdominopelvic organs

Integumentary System Organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Integumentary System Functions

Protects tissues, regulates body temp, supports sensory receptors

Skeletal System Organs

bones, ligaments, cartilages 

Skeletal System Functions

provides framework, protects soft tissue, attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores inorganic salts

Muscular System Organs

muscles

Muscular System Function

causes movements, maintains posture, produces body heat

Nervous system organs

detect changes, receive and interpret sensory info, stimulates muscles and glands 

Endocrine System Organs

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus

Endocrine System Functions

controls metabolic activities; secretes hormones

Cardiovascular System Organs

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

Cardiovascular System Functions

moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout body

Lymphatic System Organs

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Lymphatic System Functions

return tissue fluid to blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend against infection

Digestive System Organs

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & large intestines

Digestive System Functions

receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate waste

Respiratory System Organs

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Respiratory System Functions

intake and output of air, exchange of gasses between air and blood

Urinary System Organs

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

Urinary System Functions

removes waste from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine

Reproductive System Organs

scrotum, testes, ductus deferentia, epididymides, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, urethra, prostate gland, genitals, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus

Reproductive System Function

produce and maintain sperm, transfer sperm into female reproductive tract; produce and maintain oocytes(eggs), receive sperm, support embryo development, birth process

Gradient

high to low

Bilateral

on both sides

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite sides

Paragittal Section

vertical, lengthwise cut; divides body in unequal left & right section

Mid-sagittal

vertical, lengthwise cut; divides body into equal left & right portions

Transverse Section

horizontal cut; divides body into superior & inferior portions

Coronal (frontal) section

vertical cut; divides body into anterior & posterior portions

Cross section

horizontal cut

Oblique section

angular cut

Longitudinal section

vertical cut

Hypochondriac regions

left & right top sections of abdomen

epigastric region

top middle section of abdomen

lateral regions of abdomen

middle left & right sections of abdomen

umbilical region

most middle section of abdomen

inguinal regions

left & right bottom sections of abdomen

pubic region

bottom middle section of abdomen

Occipital region

back bottom of head

Cephalic region

top of head

Frontal region

forehead

buccal region

cheek

mental region

chin

cervical region

neck

sternal region

middle of upper chest

coxal region

hip

pedal region

foot

acromial region

point of shoulder

axillary region

armpit

brachial

upper portion of arm

antecubital

inside of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

crural

shin

tarsal

ankle

vertebral

spine

dorsal

back

cubital

elbow

lumbar

lower back

sacral

tail bone

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot