The Big Fat Slide Deck of What I Should Know

epicrine

• through the gap junctions

• do not enter extracellular fluid

• substances cross to adjacent cell 

neurocrine

• into the blood instead of synaptic cleft

• secrete chemicals as hormones

• works closely with nervous system

paracrine

• through interstitial fluid

• prostaglandins

• substance crosses to other cells by diffusion

endocrine

• through blood circulation

• secretes hormone into the blood

• ductless

• hormone travels in blood to target tissue which has receptors for that hormone

  • pineal, pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, testes, adrenal, thyroid

  • melatonin

exocrine

• exterior of the body

• product goes through duct outside of the body

  • simple cuboidal epithelium

  • sweat, sebaceous, digestive, mammary

autocrine

• affects the cells itself

• lupus

anterior lobe products

• growth hormone

  • hypertrophy, hyperplasia

  • metabolism

    • increases protein synthesis, increase fat mobilization, decreases glucose uptake

• gonadotropins

• prolactin

  • targets mammary cells to increase lactation

• thyroid stimulating hormone

  • stimulates thyroid gland to release its hormones

• Pro-opiomelanocorticotropin (POMC)

  • blood sugar, stress, inflamation

gonadotropins

• luteinizing hormone

• follicle stimulating hormone

posterier lobe products

• protein hormones

• antidiuretic hormone ADH

  • increase water resorption, decrease urine volume, increased blood pressure

• oxytocin

  • milk letdown, uterine contraction

pineal

• produces melatonin

  • light/dark cycles, sleep/wake, seasonal breeding, nocturnal activity

thyroid effects

• increase BMR

• permissive effect on many organ systems

• increases cardiac output

• increases blood glucose

adrenal hormones

• glucocorticoids

  • increase blood glucose

• mineralocorticoids

  • decrease urine volume

• Catecholamines

  • fight or flight

pancreas hormones

• insulin

  • decrease blood glucose

• glucagon

  • increase blood glucose

• somatostatin

  • inhibits alpha/beta cells

testes

• sperm produced in seminiferous tubules

• stored/matured in epididymis

• sertoli cells support maturation

• leydig produce testosterone

rete testis

• intratesticular network of straight tubules that receives content from the convoluted seminiferous tubules

testosterone

• maintenance of libido

• secretory activity of the accessory sex glands

• secondary sexual characteristics

  • increase bone growth

  • greater muscling

  • thicker skin

  • deeper voice

• fetal development

  • when testosterone is produced wolffian ducts form

  • regression to the mullerian ducts

ovaries

• develpoment of oocytes/hormones

• ovulation releases oocytes

uterus

• fetal development

• corpus

  • body

• cervix

  • neck

• two cornua

  • horns

estrogen

• female secondary sex characteristics

• estrus behavior

• endometrial gland growth

• duct growth in mammary gland

• LH secretion

progesterone

• vrom CL

• Promotion of endometrial gland growth

• Stimulation of secretory activity : provide nutrients for the developing embryo before implantation

• Promotion of growth in the mammary gland

• Regulation of secretion of gonadotropins

stages of estrous

• estrus

  • the time of sexual receptivity

• mestrus

  • CL begins development

• diestrus

  • period of mature luteal activity, goodbye CL

• proestrus

  • rapid follicle development leads to ovulation and to the onset of sexual receptivitw

seaosnal breeders

• long day breeders

  • increase in daylight

  • queen and mare

• short day breeders

  • decrease in day light

  • ewe and doe

exceptions to seasonal breeding

• primates

  • hormones similar but endometrial lining shed at end of diestrus

• induced ovulators

  • cats

  • can be bred at any phase of heat cycle

  • cervical stimulation triggers neuroendocrine reflex

• camelids

  • have no cycle

  • always read to mate

placental types

• diffuse

  • the attachment to endometrium is continuous throughout the entire surface

  • horse, pig

• cotyldontary

  • awful projections

  • ruminants

• zonary

  • band/girdle

  • cat, dog

• discoid

  • disk shaped attachment area

  • human, rodent

renal purpose

• rid body of nitrogenous waste

• protein breakdown

• water and acid/base balance

• toxin/drug elimination

• breakdown product elimination

• produces hormones

nitrogenous waste

• ammonia

  • aquatic animals

  • toxic, water soluble

• uric acid

  • birds, reptiles

  • semi-solid, little water, lots of energy

• urea

  • mammals, amphibians, sharks

  • water balance, low toxicity

nepheron urine path

• Glomerulus 

  • ultra filtrate

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

• Loop of Henle

• Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) 

• collecting tube or duct

  • secretion, countercurrent mechanism

  • goodbye bad stuff

nepheron parts functions

• Glomerulus 

  • filter

• Bowman’s capsule

  • receives filtrate

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

  • resorption of amino acids and stuff

• Loop of Henle

  • resorb water and Na, Cl

• Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

  •  regulate fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

• collecting tube or duct

countercurrent mechanism

• flow of urine, concentration of urine

• hypotonic

  • fluid into loop of henle

• becomes hypertonic

  • bottom of loop

• hypotonic

  • during ascent

  • closed sodium/solutes and becomes dilute

• hypertonic

  • in collecting duct

  • loses water

• urine excreted

  • hypertonic to plasma

control of urine formation 3

• blood pressure

  • increase = increase in glomular filtration rate

• autoregulation

  • juxtaglomerular cells act as baro

• thirst and osmolarity

  • Atrial natriuretic hormone

    • ANH

    • causes sodium to be secreted into urine at the CD

types of digestion

• monogastrics

  • humans, pigs

• avian

• foregut fermenter

  • ruminats

  • alos hippos

• hindgut fermenters

  • cecal fermenter

    • rabbit

  • caeco-colic fermenters

    • horses, elephants

salivary glands

• parotid, mandibular/submandibular, sublingual, zygomatic

• contain amylase

  • starts chemical digestion of starches, contains buffer

4 digestion cells

• mucous cells

  • produce mucus

  • protection from acid

• chief cells

  • produce inactive pepsinogen, rennin

  • breaks down fat

• parietal cells

  • produce HCl

  • lowers pH of stomach to as low as 1.5

  • activate pepsin

  • breaks down protein

• g cells

  • produce gastrin

  • stimulate HCl production

pylorus glands produce

• mucous, HCl, pepsinogen, and G cells  

  • gastrin 

    • Stimulates HCl release when food present

duodenum

• Pancreas lies in 1st loop and secretion enters along with bile from gallbladder and liver

• Pancreatic and common bile ducts

• Enzymatic digestion occurs here

• Many submucosal and mucosal glands

  • digestive enzyme production

jejunum

• Largest and longest part

• Longest villi

• Simple columnar epithelium

• Most final digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here

• Many mucosal and submucosal glands 

ileum

• Final part, joins to large intestine

• Smallest part

• Absorption of nutrients, little digestion

• Shorter villi

• Lymphatic nodules in mucosa and submucosa

  • Peyer’s patches

• Increased goblet cells  

  • mucous

large intestine parts

• cecum

  • Blind pouch where ileum and colon meet

  • Fermentation

• colon

• rectum

  • Primarily a holding area for undigested “waste” as feces

• anus

tubular digestive tract tunica

• serosa

• muscularis

• submucosa

• mucosa

digestive acessory organs

• liver

  • produces bile, filters blood

  • Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

• gallbladder

  • stores bile

  • NOT in rats, camelids, horses

• pancreas

  • Endocrine

    • Produce insulin and glucagon for blood glucose utilization

  • Exocrine

    • Produces digestive enzymes, mucus and bicarbonate through pancreatic duct into duodenum

esophagus stuff

• Peristalsis

  • mouth to anus

• Antiperistalsis

  • anus to mouth

  • emeis

  • regurgitation

Pancreatic products via pancreatic duct

• Bicarbonate  

  • raises pH

• Inactive zymogens (precursors)

  • protect pancrease from autodigestion

• Amylase  

  • breaks down startch

• Lipase  

  • breaks down fat

what breaks down who

• starch

  • amylase

  • brush border enzymes

• lipids

  • lipase

• proteins

  • pepsin, peptidases