Social Studies 30-1 Diploma Review

Thomas Hobbes

Humans are essentially evil; should give up freedom for ecurity; authoritarian government

John Locke

Humans are rational and intelligent; government must be justified by popular consent; representative democracy

Rousseau

Humans are inherently good, but corrupted by society; naturally equal and free; direct democracy

Liberalism

Ideologies committed the principles of dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation of society. Faith in human progress, tends to favour decentralized power, and respects the sovereignty of the reasoning individual

Hegemony

Political control over one group by another

Themes of Ideology

Race, Class, Nation, Relationship to the Land, Gender, Religion

Progessivism

Ideologies advocating moderate political/social reforms through government action

Principles of Individualism

Private Property, Rule of Law, Individual rights and freedoms, Competition, Economic freedom, Self-interest (PRICES)

Principles of Collectivism

Co-operation, Collective interest, Collective responsibility, Public Property, Adherence to collective norms, Economic equality (CCCPAE)

Capitalism

Laissez-faire, Economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit motivated producers,. Minimal government involvement

Classical Liberalism

Embraces principles of INDIVIDUALISM; original ideals of liberalism, human rationality

Humanists

Believed in the importance of art/literature alongside faith. Reason based. Sought meaning and purpose in love, beauty, art, and bettering oneself

Montesquieu

Believed in the worth of the individual, equality, and the accountability of the government. Supported the separation of powers (legislative, executive and judicial) which are both dependent and separate from one another and democracy

John Stuart Mill

Classical Liberal; believed in individual rights and freedoms to the point that other's liberties are also protected (Harm Principle)

Physiocrats

Group of French enlightenment thinkers who critiqued mercantilism. Capitalism emerged from these thinkers

Mercantilism

Aim of all economic pursuits is to benefit the state's power and wealth

Adam Smith

Believed in the invisible hand (selfish desires would eventually benefit everyone) Government interference should be limited to maintaining rule of law, ensuring contracts are followed, and some public works (roads); CAPITALISM

Nouveau Riche

New, wealthy class of bankers and other professionals, who rose during the industrial revolution

Urbanization

Large groups of citizens move to urban areas (cities)

Luddites

The skilled textile workers who were being replaced by machines. They attacked factories and the machines.

Chartists

Working class movement in Britain focused on political and social reform. They had 6 goals: Universal suffrage for all men over 21, Equal sized electoral districts, Voting by secret ballot, End property qualifications for Parliament, Pay for Members of Parliament, and Annual elections. Presented three petitions (all were rejected)

Socialism

And ideology that believes resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. All agreed that private ownership permits exploitation, the state should direct the economy to achieve equality, and society should be classless.

Utopian Socialists

A concept of the ideal world. Advocated the end of the appalling conditions for the average worker. Believed that education and better working conditions would peacefully eradicate the worst aspects of capitalism

Robert Owen

Was a Utopian who became mill manager at New Lanark. He offered education, medical care, and social events all for free. Improved living conditions

Marxism

Radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or COMMUNISM. Advocates for the abolition of private property and centralized means of production

Karl Marx

Believed history is the story of evolving class warfare and the only way to overthrow capitalism is for the proletariat (workers) to defeat the bourgeoisie (upper class)

Command Economy

Centrally planned (basically communism) where the government makes all economic decisions. Seen in the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea

Classical Conservatism

Felt change had to honour the past and future rather than just the present. Believed that society is an organic whole with a hierarchical structure, there should be a limited electorate with special privileges, leaders should be humanitarian, and the stability of society is of utmost importance

Burke

A classical conservative who supported established government but not tyranny

Welfare Capitalism

Government uses legislation to give workers protection and a safety net. Usually oriented towards the workplace. Seen in Factory Laws (Britain) and Teddy Roosevelt's square deal.

Welfare State

Spurred by the Great Depression. Emergence of modern liberalism/mixed market economies. Employed Keynesian economics (demand side economics). Used by FDR's New Deal

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression. Involved massive public works/alphabet agencies, and emergency relief to banks and farmers

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who felt government intervention was required to avoid the booms and busts of unregulated capitalism. Consumer demand should be controlled through fiscal and monetary ways.

During good times interest rates and taxes should go up, while government spending goes down. The opposite should happen during times of depression (deficit spending)

Monetary Policy

Actions taken by the central banks to control the supply of money. ie. Raising/lowering interest rates or printing/destroying money (advocated by Milton Friedman)

Fiscal Policy

Direct spending and taxing functions of the government (Prime the pump)

Methods of Dictatorship

Extensive organization at all levels, forced participation in a variety of groups (not always forced), force and terror (secret police), indoctrination, censorship of the media/propaganda, redirecting popular discontent (scapegoating)

Emancipation

Russian policy under Czar Alexander II. Freed the serfs in 1861. Was slowly implemented

Lenin

Leader of the communist party (Bolsheviks) in Russia. Believed violent revolution was the only way

Treaty of Versailles

Principle treaty ending WWI, provoked long lasting resentment among Germans. Germany lost all colonies, some territory, army/weaponry was severely limited, Rhineland demilitarized, had to make reparation payments and accept sole responsibility for the war (war guilt clause)

Fascism

Reactionary, extremely right wing totalitarian system. Seen in Nazi Germany

Anti-Semitism

The Jews are no good and to blame for most if not all problems. Widely accepted through most of Europe and North America and throughout history

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Peasants were allowed to own land and small businesses (allowed for some capitalism)

Five Year Plan

Ended the NEP, centralized all economic planning, focused on heavy industry, and combined small farms into large collective ones or kolkhozes (collectivization)

Kulak

Class of prosperous landowners, transformed into anyone who employed people or owned means of industry. Became scapegoats.

Holodomor

Mass starvation in the Ukraine to end dissent and opposition to collectivization

Great Purge

Stalin killed all opposition

Enabling Act (1933)

Restricted freedom, eliminated privacy (communication) and the need for warrants, banned all parties but the Nazi Party, and allowed the chancellor (Hitler) to make decisions without the Reichstag's approval.

Autarky

Self-sufficiency or independence from other nations

The Nuremburg Laws

Series of laws barring Jews from most aspects of public life (ie. voting, civil service, public schools, marriage to non-Jews,) as well as defining who was a Jew

Night of Broken Glass

Organized attack on Jewish people, as well as synagogues and their businesses

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Prevent business entities from owning two or more competing companies. Also used to prevent some organized labour activity (Remedied in the Clayton Act)

First Red Scare (1917-1920)

Left-wing groups faced strong opposition due to fear of communism. People were against radical political movements and foreigners.

Isolationism

A retreat from involvement in other countries' affairs (in the United States, especially European ones)

Income Disparity

Difference in earnings between the rich and poor

Inflation

Decreased value of money

Stagflation

Recession and high inflation at the same time

Monetarism

Shift back towards classical liberalism. Control of the nations money supply through regulating interest rates is the best way to encourage monetary growth

Reaganomics

Reagan's (neo-conservative, similar to Thatcherism)movement towards less government involvement. Utilized trickle-down economics

Supply Side Economics

Trickle-down economics. Lower tax rates especially for the wealthy (likely to invest) and the benefits will trickle down to the working class

Iron Curtain

Popularized by Winston Churchill. describes the line between the self-governing countries of the west and the Soviet-controlled Eastern European nations

The Cold War

An all-out political, economic and social struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union

Expansionism

Attempt to enlarge territorial/ideological influence beyond borders and allies. Basically expand the nations sphere of influence

Containment

Attempts to thwart the others expansions without direct warfare

Marshall Plan

$13 billion plan to offer aid to recovering European countries, which in order to get aid had to submit to a thorough economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy

Berlin Wall

Surrounded West Germany. Western powers said it was to stop Eastern Berliners from flowing into West Berlin and West Germany said it was a protective measure against Western agression

The Three Worlds

First:United States and its allies

Second: USSR and its allies

Third: Everyone who didn't pick a side

Deterrence

Building up ones capacity to fight so that neither side will fight due to expected outcomes (MAD)

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction. That is if the US and USSR go to war it will be nuclear and the entire world would be completely annihilated

Brinkmanship

Attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brinkmanship. Cuba agreed to the Soviets plan to put nuclear weapons in Cuba after America staged an invasion (Bay of Pigs) and stopped trading. Fearful of nuclear attack (Cuba was pretty close) Kennedy ordered a naval blockade (a quarantine in his words) - if any Soviet ships crossed it (especially with nuclear weapons) the two nations would be at war. Krushchev 'blinked first' and ordered his ships not to cross the line. Also America promised to remove their nuclear weapons from Turkey

Detente

Time following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Involved treaties limiting nuclear weapons/testing, the hotline came into being

McCarthyism

Anti-communist movement. Uncover and persecute suspected communists

Negative Freedom

Freedom "from" something

Positive Freedom

Freedom "of" something

Egalitarianism

political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and should have equal rights

Enfranchisement

Giving Aboriginals civil rights and land in exchange for them giving up their status as official Indians and the associated rights

Indian Act

Defined who was an Indian (First Nation) and what they could and could not do

White Paper

Pierre Trudeau. Proposed to eliminate treaties, the Indian Act and and everything else keeping Inuit and First Nations people distinct

Red Paper

Response to White Paper - outlined objections to the White Paper

Reasons for Imposing Liberalism

Self-interest: eliminate/reduce terrorist threats or for economic self-interest

Humanitarianism: moral/ethical reasons ie. improve living conditions/stop human rights violations

Party Solidarity

Key aspect of Canadian politics, all members of the party vote within the party. Rarely are they allowed a free vote

Direct Democracy

Every citizen participates in every decision - everyone gets together, discusses and then votes, majority rules. Used now through plebiscites and referendums

Representative Democracy

Most common form. Citizens elect a representative to make decisions on their behalf

Responsible Government

The branches of government are both independent and dependent, basically interconnected so no one branch can take too much power.

Bicameral Legislature

Two-chamber. (The senate and house of Commons)

Proportional Representation

Based on percentage of votes (get 10% of votes, get 10% of seats) Often results in minority governments/coalitions

Oligarchy

Political power rests with a small elite branch of society. Often based on inheritance.

The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms

Statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed in Quebec in 1975. Precedence over all provincial legislation

Illiberal

Against or in opposition to liberal practices. When democratic countries do something that is not democratic.

War Measures Act

Suspends, restricts, and limits the rights and freedoms of Canadians. Invoked three times. Turned into the Emergency Act which includes more safeguards

October Crisis (1970) FLQ

The Quiet revolution aimed at peacefully enhancing opportunities for Francophones. Unhappy with the slow results the FLQ was founded in 1963 and used bombing and armed robberies to further its goals. On Oct.5 they abducted James Cross, and then Pierre Laporte on the 10. Laporte was also murdered. On the 16 Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act.

The PATRIOT Act (2001)

An attempt to prevent and deter terrorism by stripping rights of those suspected of such acts. Seen by many as a threat to civil liberties (enhanced government surveillance or citizens)

Post-Modernism

Challenges modern liberalism. Questions modernism and claims that it created a governing narrative putting most of us under a veil of deceit. Disbelief in dominating moral and political ideals, skeptical about progress in civilization, critiques the nature of knowledge, concern for issues of parts of culture marginalized by the governing narrative.

Modernism

Science provides eternal, universal truths, knowledge leads to progress, freedom consists if obedience to laws based in reason, reason/rational thinking are the ultimate ways of establishing truth

Kyoto Protocol

International convention to approach the challenges of climate change. The first and only binding international agreement with specific goals to reduce greenhouse emissions

Pandemics

Outbreak of a disease on a global scale. Watched by nations and the WHO (World Health organization)

Thomas Carlyle

Great Man Theory - government demands rule by a "great man". Hates democracy.

4 Economic Questions

1. What goods and services should be produced?

2. How will these goods and services be produced?

3. Who decides how the good are distributed?

4. How will they be distributed?

Market Economy

(Demand economy) capitalism

Command Economy

(Planned Economy) communism, central planning, Marxism