AP World History - Ultimate Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from AP World History Unit 1 through Unit 9 lecture notes.

Religious Mysticism

Adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to the divine through prayer and meditation.

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism, a young Hindu prince who rejected wealth and worldly possessions to become the "Enlightened One."

4 Noble Truths

(1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path

Theravada Buddhism

Meditation, simplicity, and nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great ritual and spiritual comfort.

Christianity

Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be the Messiah and whose followers believe he rose from the dead into heaven.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, focusing on restoring political and social order through fundamental relations.

5 fundamental relations

(1) ruler and subject, (2) parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling, (5) friend and friend

Hinduism

Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything.

Moksha

Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards Brahma

Islam

Muslims are the believers and salvation is won through submission to God through practicing the 5 pillars of Islam.

5 Pillars of Islam

(1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca

Judaism

God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them in a unique relationship with God

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE with its capital in Baghdad, a centre for arts and sciences.

Mamluks

Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth preserving Islam in Near East

Feudalism

European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

Code of Chivalry

Conflict between lords was regulated with code of chivalry which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

Peasants (Serfs)

worked the land and had few rights or freedoms outside of manor, but skilled trades helped them break out of feudal mode.

Emergence of Nation-States

At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization

Interregnum

A time between kings where merchants and tradespeople became more powerful

Magna Carta

reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament

Hundred Years’ War

Unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal

Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity

Russia

taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar

Foot Binding

women’s feet bound after birth to keep them small

Neo-Confucianism

Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

Daimyo

Owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights).

Code of Bushido

Followed code of conduct of loyalty, courage, honour.

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Khmer Empire

Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

Angor Wat

temple crafted by the Khmer Empire

Hausa Kingdoms

off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms

Tenochtitlan

Capital city of the Aztecs (modern-day Mexico City)

Incas

expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels

Cuzco

Capital of Cuzco of the Incas

Merchants

referred to as Burghers, became politically powerful

Hanseatic League

trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility

Architecture

architecture from Romanesque to Gothic - especially reflected in cathedrals with flying buttresses, tall windows and vaulted ceilings

Scholasticism

growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks

Inquisition

Pope Gregory IX Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution)

Thomas Aquinas

Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict

Genghis Kahn

unified the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies

Mansa Musa

Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana

Sonni Ali

Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century - became a major cultural centre until 1600

Xuanzang

Chinese Buddhist monk - through Tʼang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism

Marco Polo

merchant from Venice, to China and Europe

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler, through Islamic world to India to China

Margery Kempe

English Christian, through Europe and Holy Land

Humanism

focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

Martin Luther

German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the churchʼs influence

Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola prayer and good works leads to salvation

Catholic Reformation

Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility - still wanted authority and control

Scientific Method

shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method

Atheists

believe no god exists

Deists

believe God exists, but is passive

Deism

became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings

Elizabethan Age

expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age

Habeas Corpus Act

prevent people from arrests without due process

Charles II

Stuart Restoration in England with new rulers

Edict of Nantes

environment of tolerance between religions

Cardinal Richelieu

Created the bureaucratic class noblesse de la robe

Peace of Augsburg

intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

Peace of Augsburg

intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants

Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia (1648): German states affirmed to keep the peace

Timars

Ottoman aristocrats who's land was given to them

Devshirme

enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors

Suleiman I

Took over parts of Hungary, but could not successfully take over Vienna

Zamindars

Muslim landowners in India

Sunni Ali

leader 1464-1493 - navy, central administration, financed Timbuktu

Kongo

Portugal mostly destroyed who's nation

Angola

Established by Portuguese around 1575 for the slave trade

Zheng He

famous Chinese navigator

Tokugawa Ieyasu

established Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period) from 1600 to 1868 - strict government that instituted a rigid social class model and moved capital of Japan to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)

National Seclusion Policy

National Seclusion Policy (1635): prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners

Ana Nzinga’s Resistance

Resisted Portuguese colonizers

Cossack Revolts

Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated

Haitian Slave Rebellion

Resisted France and eventually achieved independence for Haiti

Maratha

Resisted Mughal Empire and defeated them starting the Maratha Empire

Maroon Societies

Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold

Metacom’s War

Resisted British colonists over unfair trade practices

Pueblo Revolts

Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary

Vasco da Gama

explored eastern Africa, India

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them

Amerigo Vespucci

South America

Vasco de Balboa

Central America

Sir Francis Drake

circumnavigated the globe

Three-Masted Caravels

large ships fit for longer journeys

New World – Accidental Empire

Spanish explorers found great wealth in Aztec and Inca Empires

Hernando Cortés

landed on coast of Mexico in 1519 - sought to exploit the Aztec Empire of their gold and spices

Francisco Pizarro

took over Inca Empire in 1531 partially due to spreading disease to them

Governors of New Spain

Viceroy of New Spain governors of each of 5 regions of New Spain - established the encomienda system (system of forced labour of the natives and African slaves)

Joint-stock company

bankers pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reducing dangers of individual investors

Mercantilism

theory that creating a favourable balance of import and export was best was called

Adam Smith

governments removed from regulation = laissez-faire capitalism

Thomas Paine

wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy

French Government Coup

Napoleon overthrew the Directory in 1799

Napoleonic Codes

Recognized equality of men

Congress of Vienna

Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe

Colonial Government Shift South America

Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne