Module 5: Cancer, Endocrine, & HIV

Flashcards based on cancer, endocrine disorders, and HIV content, covering definitions, classifications, symptoms, and health implications.

What are the two major dysfunctions in cancer development?

Defective Cell Proliferation and Defective Cell Differentiation.

What is the process of normal cells turning into cancer cells called?

Carcinogenesis.

What is the key outcome of the initiation stage in cancer development?

Cell mutation occurs and is irreversible.

Name three types of carcinogens.

Chemical, radiation, and viral.

What is the role of tumor suppression genes?

They prevent cells from going through the cell cycle.

What are the two types of tumors?

Benign and malignant.

How is cancer classified?

Histologic Classification, Clinical Staging, and TNM classification.

What does the 'T' in TNM classification stand for?

Tumor (size and invasiveness).

What are the 7 warning signs of cancer?

Change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that doesn’t heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or lump, indigestion, obvious change in wart or mole, nagging cough.

What is the normal glucose range?

74 to 106 mg/dL.

What is the autoimmune disorder associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

The body develops antibodies against insulin and/or pancreatic B cells.

What is a major characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Inadequate insulin secretion and insulin resistance.

What is myxedema coma?

A medical emergency characterized by an impairment of consciousness in severe hypothyroidism.

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Fatigue, weight gain, constipation, sensitivity to cold.

What is the form of HIV testing highly recommended for its rapid results?

Rapid HIV-Antibody test.

What does the CD4 T-cell count reflect?

Immune function.

What is Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?

A prevention method for at-risk individuals to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.

What are opportunistic cancers associated with HIV?

Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitt lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer.