2460 BIOL exam review

brightfield microscope

dark specimen bright background

good for showing endospores

darkfield microscope

bright specimen dark background

no staining

borrelia burgdorferi

phase contrast microscope

high resolution pic with no staining

good for live specimen, endospores, and organelles

ex.) pseudomonas sp.

differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

uses 2 wavelengths for high resolution no staining

good for distinguishing live unstained specimen with 3D appearance

ex.) Escherichia coli (e coli)

fluorescence microscope

uses fluorescent stain

transmits excitation light

good for identifying pathogens or specific species in environment or find location of certain molecules in cell

indirect better than direct, adds secondary anti-body

ex.) p. putida stained with dye for capsules

confocal microscope

laser scans multiple z planes to produce 3D high resolution image

ex.) biofilm and thick specimens

two-photon

scans specimen with infrared light

good for thicker specimen

ex.) organs, brain slices, mouse intestine

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

use magnets to refract electrons

specimen cut thin

ex.) ebola virus

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

electron bounce off specimen surface w/ lasers

good for 3D surface of specimens and individual atoms

campylobactor jejuni

bacteria

unicellular

prokaryotic

peptidoglycan wall

arachaea

unicellular

prokaryotic

pseudopeptidoglycan wall

algae

unicellular or multicellular

eukaryotic

cellulose wall

protozoa

unicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

fungi

unicellular or multicellular

eukaryotic

chitin wall

helminth

multicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

marcus terentius varro

animalia minuta

stated things cannot see cause disease

thucydides

father of scientific history

hippocrates

father of western medicine

louis pasteur

fermentation & pasteurization by microbes

organism can spoil therefore so can people

robert koch

connected pathogens for specific diseases

antrax, cholera, tuberculosis

certain microbes cause certain disease

carolus linnaeus

created taxonomy kingdom with animal and plants

ernst haeckel

added to taxonomy kingdom with protists & monera

robert whittaker

last addition to taxonomy kingdom with fungi

woese & fox

stated small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences

created 3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eukarya

sublevels

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

microbes size

smallest to largest

atom

fullerene molecule

lipids

protein

pollo virus

flu virus

smallpox virus

mitochondria & bacteria

red blood cell

animal & plant cell

human egg & pollen

frog egg

coccus

spherical

bacillus

rod-shaped

vibrio

curved rod-shaped

coccobacillus

part spherical part rod

spirillum

spiral shape

spirochete

helical spiral

basic stain

positive charge ion

ex.) basic fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, safranin, methylene blue

acidic

negative charge ion

ex.) eosin, rose bengal, acid fuschsin

positive stain

stain absorbed into cells

negative stain

stain absorbed into background

india ink

gram stain

differentiate cell wall components

gram stain positive: purple

gram stain negative: pink

acid fast stain

detects mycolic acid and mycobacterium (acid fast bacteria)

outcome: bacteria turns red

non acid fast: blue

capsule stain

used to detect cells with capsule from those w/o

outcome: capsules appear clear or halos

endospore stain

detects organisms with endospores and those w/o

outcome: endospore appear blue/green

other structure appear pink/red

flagella stain

used to view flagella in bacteria

outcome: flagella visible

tetrad

group of four cell

streptococcus

chain of cocci

staphylococcus

cluster of cocci

streptobacillus

chain of rods

robert hooke

first to use compound microscope to describe cells

francesco redi

spontaneous generation FALSE through experiments with rotting meat in jars.

john needham

spontaneous generation TRUE after boiling broth to kill microbes after microbes remained.

lazzaro spallanzani

spontaneous generation FALSE after replicating Redi and Needham’s experiments.

Lynn Margulis

mitochondria & chloroplasts origin of prokaryotic

used DNA, ribosomes, binary fission

resolution

wavelength

numerical aperture

matthia schleiden

plant tissue

theodor schwann

compared plant & animal cells

robert remak

cell come from other cells (cell division)

rudolf virchow

cellular pathology

cells arise from cells

mereschkowski

chloroplasts reproduce independently

must have lived outside plant cell

ivan wallin

mitchondria outside of cell (fake)

girolamo fracastoro

spores transferred between individuals

ignaz semmelweis

infected physicians transferred diseases to patients

promoted handwashing

john snow

cholera outbreaks linked to sewage & drinking water

joseph lister

handwashing & carbolic acid for disinfection

cell common elements

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

chromosomes

ribosomes

isotonic solution

no water movement

hypertonic solution

water moves out of cell

shrinks cell membrane & detaches from cell wall (plasmolysis)

crenation

cell would shrivel and shrink

hypotonic solution

water moves into cell

causes swelling on cell

lysis

no cell wall from hypotonic solution

nucleoid (prokaryotes)

central region for DNA and DNA associated proteins

chromosomes (circular & haploid)

plasmids (circular), non-essential DNA

prokaryotic ribosomes

70S (50S+30S)

eukaryotic ribosomes

80S (60S+40S)

Polyhydroxybutrate (PHB)

stores protein

inclusion for monolayer

Volutin granules (inclusions)

polymerized phosphates for biofilm

Magnetosomes

magnetic iron oxide & iron sulfide allow magnetic field

Gas Vacuole

protein-lined gas to alter buoyancy

Carboxysome

RuBisCO & carbonic anhydrase for carbon metabolism

B. anthracis

agent of anthrax

C. difficile

causes pseudomembranous colitis

C. perfringens

causes gas gangrene

C. botulinum

causes botulism

C. tetani

causes tetanus

archaea membrane

ether linked

monolayer

branched

eukaryotic & bacteria membranes

ester linked

bilayer

non-branched

facilitated diffusion

carry proteins w/o ATP using proteins

active transport

proteins move molecules w/ ATP

group translocation

modified molecule enter cell against concentration gradient

photosynthetic bacteria

chromatophores

lamellae

chlorosomes

cyanobacteria

thylakoids

lophotrichous

single toughed flagella

peritrichous

all around flagella

eukaryotic cell composition

nucleus

mitochondria

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

lyosomes

peroxisome

cytoskeleton

cilia

chloroplasts

gram negative

outer membrane has lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

has O-antigen

contribute to fever, shock & hemorrhaging

gram positive

peptidoglycan thick layer than gram negative

Glycocalyx

layer protects desiccation & antibiotics & disinfectants

capsule - polysaccharides or proteins

slime layer - polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids

s layer

composed of structural proteins & found outside cell wall

help with rigidness & osmotic pressure changes

endomembrane system

move materials around cell

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis of various molecules

golgi apparatus

modify lipids & proteins that come from endoplasmic recticulum

lysosomes

break down food, damaged organelles, or debris

peroxisomes

help lipid synthesis & degradation of molecules