Ap World Units 9-12

Quran

Sacred text in Islam,sacred scriptures of Islam, some regard as words of God and core of faith, message was radically monotheistic, discussed submission to Allah, demanded social justice, challenged Arab clan and tribe system

Umma

The community of Muslims. It represents the collective body of believers who share a common faith and follow the teachings of Islam.

Pillars of Islam

5 Pillars of Islam. 1st- no God but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger. 2nd- Pray to Mecca 5 times a day. 3rd- almsgiving, demands social justice and support for the poor and needy. 4th- month of fasting during Ramadan. 5th- encourage pilgrimage to Mecca called the hajj.

Hijra

Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE). Created a new Umma.

Sharia

A law regulating every aspect of life. provides an ethical and moral framework for Muslims, offering them guidance on personal conduct and morality.

Jizya

A special tax for non muslims

Umayyad caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

Ulama

Ulama: Islamic scholars who specialize in the study of Islamic law and theology. They provide religious guidance and interpretations of the Quran and Hadith.

Sufism

Mystical branch of Islam emphasizing spiritual experiences, inner knowledge, and union with the divine. Practices include meditation, chanting, and dancing. Sufis seek to purify the heart and attain closeness to God through love, devotion, and selflessness. They believe in the importance of a spiritual guide or teacher.

Mullah Nasruddin

Mullah Nasruddin: A wise and humorous character from Middle Eastern folklore known for his clever anecdotes and witty stories that often carry moral lessons.

al-Ghazali

Prominent Islamic philosopher and theologian who lived in the 11th century. Known for his works on theology, philosophy, and mysticism. Influential in shaping Islamic thought, he emphasized the importance of spiritual purification and the pursuit of knowledge.

Sikhism

Sikhism is a developing religion that came up in India during the 15th century and took aspects of both Islam and Hinduism as they believed in one god but believed in also reincarnation and karma and was created by Guru Nank. Islam+Hinduism=Sikhism

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta: Famous Moroccan explorer and writer who traveled extensively across Africa, Asia, and Europe during the 14th century.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.d

al-Andalus

Region in medieval Iberia, 711-1492. Islamic civilization flourished, blending Arab, Berber, and European cultures. Known for advancements in science, art, and literature. Center of learning and tolerance. Islamic Spain.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

Madrassas

Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century

House of Wisdom

Played an important role in preserving and translating manuscripts from the ancient Greek, Persian, Indian, and other languages into Arabic. Allowed for several advancements in astronomy, medicine, physics, mathematics, and chemistry.

Ibn Sina

Famous Islamic scienties and physicians that developed tons of important practices in the medical field today. Sina was responsible for tons of advances in the medical world like diagnosing hay fever,smallpox Measles and more

Jesus Sutras

The product of Nestorian Christians living in China, these sutras articulate the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts. Written text.

Nubian Christianity

a center of African Christianity was being created during the 5th and 6th century in multiple Nubian kingdoms. The language also was important. Many converted to this faith. in 1500, the Nubian Christianity had "largely disappeared".

Ethiopian Christianity

Emerging in the fourth century with the conversion of the rulers of Axum, this Christian church proved more resilient than other early churches in Africa. Located in the mountainous highlands of modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, it was largely cut off from other parts of Christendom and developed traditions that made it distinctive from other Christian Churches.

Byzantine Empire

Started in the eastern europe area and everything was circled around the capital constantinople. The Byzantine government collected as much taxes as they could and tried keeping everything as peaceful as possible.The First to tie and church and state together which would weaken them as the Byzantine would collapse due to Crusades and would be taken over by the Ottoman.T he eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Caesaropapism

Flashcard: A system where the ruler holds both political and religious authority, often seen in Byzantine Empire. It combines Caesar (emperor) and papism (pope).

Eastern Orthdodox Christianity

A branch of Christianity that was popular in the Byzantine empire and influenced everybody's life in the empire. This form of Christianity let emperors get as much power as they wanted and it was reasoned because the emperor was chosen by god and due to that, he is allowed to what he wants.

icons

religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions

Kievan Rus

state in the slavic area that is located around Kiev which is now the capital of Ukraine. Kievan Rus was super diverse as it had different types of people like from the baltic, the west and more. At first many religions were practiced in Kievan Rus, After Prince Vladimir took office in 988, he forced everyone to eastern orthodox christianity. The Kievan Rus took a lot of inspiration from the Byzantine and included stuff like icons and political ideals. Were taken over by the mongols.

Prince Vladmir of Kiev

Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy.

Charlemagne

the emperor of the Empire Carolingian from the years 768-814. He ruled over the Frank people who lived in present day europe minus Great Britain. During his time of reign he established an imperial bureaucracy where he can appoint officials to make sure people were following the laws he put in place. He distanced himself from the pope and became the first emperor to take part in the new empire called the Holy Roman empire.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.

Western Christendom

Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E. that has still not been healed.

Cecilia Penifader

From England, was unmarried illiterate peasant but compared to many peasants and women she was a tenant that lived a decent life and survived the great famine which allowed her to get land. However even though she had land, she just got paid 2/3s of what a man was paid and could not do anything other than being an unskilled worker.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Pastoralism

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

Modun

Great ruler of the Xiongnu Empire (r. 210-174 B.C.E.) who created a centralized and hierarchical political system.

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Turks

Turkic speakers from Central Asia, originally nomads, who spread westward into the Near East and into India; they created a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 C.E. but had a more lasting impact on world history when they became dominant in the Islamic heartland and founded a series of states and empires there.

Almoravid Empire

Founded in the 11th century by Muslim reformers. Its members came from a Berber group living in the western Sahara in what is today Mauritania. The movement began after devout Berber Muslims made a hajj.

Temujin

unites Mongols; brilliant organizer/strategist; very cruel

The Mongol world war

The war where under Genghis Khan, Massive military campaigns and battles happened in places like China, Central Asia, Middle east and Russia where the mongols were able to win and gain much land

Yuan dynasty China

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song

Khubilai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China

Hulegu

Grandson of Chinggis Khan (circa 1217-1265) who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia

Khutulun

A Mongol princess whose exploits in battle and wrestling along with her choice of husbands provide insight into the relative freedom and influence of elite Mongol women in their societies

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde

Name of conquered Russia.

Black Death/ PLague

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Paleolithic persistence

The continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance.

Igbo

People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they built a complex society that rejected kingship and centralized statehood and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence.

Iroquois

A native group that were near the eastern woodlands. They combined both agriculture and hunting and lived in common villages that were constructed from trees and bark of the forests.

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.

Fulbe

West Africa's largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that led to the creation of a number of new states.

Ming Dynasty China

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Seizure of Constantinople

The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire that fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Safavud Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Songhay EMpire

A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.

Timbuktu

City in Mali, West Africa, known for its rich history as a center of learning and trade in the 13th-17th centuries.

Mughal Empire

an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Malacca

Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.

Aztec Empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico.

Inca Empire

The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (the Inca), the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects.