US History since 1865 Midterm

Consolidation of Federal Power + Growth of Federal Bureaucracy

• taking on new roles

• expanding power over states/individuals

• new structure of agencies/governmental officials developed

Redefining Citizenship in the wake of Emancipation

• open the doors for other groups to gain citizenship

Economic Emancipation Changes in the North, South, and West

• industrial revolution

• how they impacted all people

• how government responds to these changes

Frictions over who is included or excluded from “American identity”

• who belongs? (push/pull)

• race, ethnicity, wealth, culture, citizen status, etc.

Forced Assimilation

• new approach (1870s-1880s)

• church leaders/missionaries (mainly women) wanted natives to abandon their lifestyle (women holding economic power) to become like the Americans

• forced native children to go to boarding school

Attacks on Tribal Sovereignty

• withholding citizenship of United States

• Dawes Act (1887)- divided people into their own plots

Emancipation

process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions

The Freedman’s Bureau

• believed they could fix slavery in one year

• provided food, clothing, medical assistance, school, and land disputes

Economic Reconstruction

created shift in black labor since they were free

• sharecropping started

Political Reconstruction

Proclamation of Amnesty- created by Andrew Johnson saying rich southerners should hold a place in office

Black Codes/Vagrancy laws/Apprenticeship laws

• African Americans needed to have a labor contract, can’t vote or have a gun, orphans under a white master until they turned 18

Centennial Exposition

• 1876 Phili

• celebrates 100 years of independence

• new machines and inventions

Industrialization in the New South

• railroads repair + expanding

• textile mills with women/children

• iron/steel

• tobacco started getting rolled into cigarettes

Mississippi Constitution of 1890

• made sure black people can’t vote

• residency requirements (harder for people who don’t own land)

• poll tax (must pay for two years straight to vote

• conviction restrictions (can’t commit small crimes)

• literacy test (must read + understand the constitution)

Segregation De Jure

• segregation by law (any black ancestors means your black)

• 1st class was for fully white only

• Everyone and Everything else goes to second class (drinking + gambling)

Gilded Age

• 1870-1900

• innovations in big Business

  • Taylorism- Fredrick Taylor= scientific management creating assembly lines (went faster)

• Laissez-Faire Capitalism

  • free capitalism with no government intervention

  • Social Darwinism- justifies this

    • created by Herbert Spencer thought some societies were more evolved than others

Immigration Act (1891

• Ellis Island + Angel Island

• inspect immigrants to try and weed out the bad ones

Progressivism

• pushing forward in advancement

• new generation of middle class that advocated for new reforms mainly in big cities

• concerned about management and perfection of society

• wants workers to get paid more

• Pragmatism- try a bunch of solutions to fix the problem and see what works

Muller vs Oregon

• helps women with pregnancies and shorter work days

• which also means money cut even if they want to work/lift more

Eugenics

• goes hand and hand with social Darwinism

• Institutionalization of disabled autistic or periods

• Compulsory sterilization- removal of uterus without consent (1907) targeted women with many children and no money

• though women must play with dolls and not teddy bears or else their maternal instincts won’t kick in

Imperialism

when a powerful country changes the way people live in poorer, less powerful countries

Colonialism

form of imperialism when powerful countries send civilians to live in a different country