chapter 11 ciruclatory system

Circulatory System

Blood and the structures through which it passes.

Open Circulatory System

System where blood is not always contained in vessels. Ex. - Arthropods

- No veins

- Slow blood flow

- Low blood pressure

Closed Circulatory System

System where the blood is totally enclosed in vessels. Ex. - Humans/Fish

- Contains veins

- Contains capillaries

- Rapid blood flow

- Higher blood pressure

Apex

The left ventricle end that sticks out past the sternum and makes people think that their heart is on their left side.

Pericardium

A tough, double-layered protective sac that covers the heart.

Septum

A muscular wall that separatas the heart into right and left halves.

Chordae Tendineae

Both the bicuspid and tricuspid valves have strong fibrous strings called \_____________.

Papillary Muscles

The Chordae Tendineae strings are attached to structures in ventricles called \____________ that help to open and close the cusps.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

- Smallest but most important

- Site of gas, waste, and nutrient exchange with cells

Veins

Carry blood to the heart.

Valves and Skeletal Muscle Contraction

What are the two special helps that help veins to fight gravity?

Arthersclerosis

Hardening of the arteries due to fat deposits on their walls.

Varicose Veins

The veins spread out enough so that when the valves close they don't touch and blood may back—flow.

Coronary Arteries

Blood is supplied to the heart muscle itself by the first two branches off the aorta called \____________.

Ischemia

An obstruction of a coronary artery.

Angina Pectoris

A painful experience caused by an ischemia.

Myocardial Infarction

A heart attack!!!

Lub-Dup

The scientific sound that the heart makes when beating.

Murmur

An abnormal heart sound caused by valve damage.

Blood Pressure

The ratio of systolic to diastolic pressure measured with a special gauge called a Sphygmomanometer.

Hypertension

High blood pressure!!! The "silent killer" may lead to heart problems and failure.

- 90 or above on the diastolic reading and over 150 on the systolic reading is considered high blood pressure..

Pulse

The expanding and recoiling of the artery wall during contraction and relaxation of the heart.

The Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical changes that occur in the heart during the cardiac cycle.

Depolarization of the atrial fibers

P wave

Depolarization of the ventricular fibers

QRS complex

Repolarization of the ventricular fibers.

T wave

Parasympathetic Fibers

Send impulses that cause a decrease in SA and AV nodal activity, decreasing heart rate.

Sympathetic Fibers

Send impulses that cause an increase in SA and AV nodal activity, increasing heart rate.

Arrhythmia

An abnormal heart rate.

Pulmonary Circulation

Consists of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again.

Systemic Circulation

Consists of all vessels that carry blood to all other parts of the body and back again.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Carry nutrients and gases that diffuse between the blood and cells.

- Contains Hemoglobin

Disc Shaped

Increase surface area for gas, waste and nutrient diffusion.

Hemoglobin

A protein that contains iron and can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Anemia

The disease where you are dizzy, weak, tired, and pale in color. Caused by a low erythrocyte or hemoglobin count.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Main job is to recognize foreign antigens and destroy them.

Platelets

Round discs that release an important clotting agent.

Blood Plasma

A clear, yellowish colored liquid that is 92% water and the other 8% is mixture of nutrients and organic and inorganic molecules.

- It makes up 55% of the blood and is important for transport, maintaining pH, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.

Universal Donor

Type O

Universal Recipient

Type AB

Sphygmomanometer

What special gauge is used to measure blood pressure?

60-80x a minute

About how much does our heart beat at rest?

Around 5 quarts

How much blood does the average adult have?

Red

What type of blood cells are Erythrocytes?

White

What type of blood cells are Leukocytes?

120/80 mmHg

What is the normal human adult blood pressure?

150/90 or higher

What blood pressure reading is considered Hypertension?

Yes

Are EKG and ECG the same thing? Y/N