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Flashcards about migration, population, rivers, and flooding.
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What is migration?
The movement of people from one permanent home to another.
What are people called who leave their country?
Emigrants
What are people called who move into another country?
Immigrants
What is international migration?
Movement from one country to another country.
What is a refugee?
Someone who is forced to leave their home, often due to danger, war, natural disaster, or religious beliefs.
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who leaves their own country fearing for their safety and hopes another country will protect them.
What is a host country?
The country that migrants are accepted into.
What is a source country?
The country where the migrants come from.
What are push factors?
Reasons making someone want to leave their country.
What are pull factors?
Reasons attracting people to a new country.
What is birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 per year.
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 per year.
What is natural increase?
Positive difference between birth rates and death rates.
What is life expectancy?
How long the average person lives (age of death).
What is demography?
The study of population.
How is population counted?
By the use of figures from a census.
How often does the UK have a census?
Every 10 years.
What is natural decrease?
Negative answer when birth rate is subtracted from death rate.
What does a population distribution map show?
How population is spread.
What does population density tell us?
How many people live in a certain place or area, usually per km².
What does densely populated mean?
That a place is very populated (crowded with people).
What does sparsely populated mean?
That an area does not have many people living there.
What is a conurbation?
A large urban area formed by smaller towns merging together, creating a continuous urban or industrially developed region.
Name four types of river erosion.
Attrition, solution, hydraulic action, and abrasion.
Describe attrition.
Material being broken up or smoothed down.
Describe solution (river erosion).
Bed and bank dissolved by acids in the water.
Describe hydraulic action.
Force of the water on the bed and banks.
Describe abrasion.
Sand papering action of the land.
List some upper course landforms.
V-shaped valley, interlocking spurs, waterfall, gorge of recession, pot holes, rapids.
List some middle course landforms.
Meanders, oxbow lake, flat wide floodplains.
List some lower course landforms.
Estuary, wide deep river mouth, straightened meanders, large flat floodplain.
What is traction (transportation)?
Larger stones and rocks get rolled around along.
What is saltation (transportation)?
Sand grains and small stones are bounced along.
What is suspension (transportation)?
Small particles of rock and sand is carried along.
What is solution (transportation)?
Dissolved material transported.
What happens during deposition?
When a river loses energy, it will drop or deposit some of the material it is carrying.
Give 3 examples of hard engineering involving rivers
Dams and Reservoirs, Flood relief channels, Embankments/Levees
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Floodplain Zoning.
Advantages: Less damage is caused, leading to fewer insurance claims. Disadvantages: Planners have to decide what type of flood to plan for. Not always possible to change existing land uses
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of Flood warings and preparation.
Advantages: People have time to protect their properties. Disadvantages: Some people may not be able to access the warnings
What is alluvium?
Fertile soil created by regular flooding
How are V-shaped valleys created
1) erodes downwards as boulders, stones and rock particles are scraped against the bed
2) as the river cuts down, the steep sides are attacked by the weathering which breaks up and loosens the soil and rock
3) the loosened material slowly creeps down the slope because of gravity or is washed into the river by rainwater
4) the end result is a steep sided valley that has the shape of a letter V
describe the first stage of the formation of waterfalls
they form on the upper course so the river has lots of energy as it lows down the hill from the source.
as the river flows over layer of hard and soft rock, the softer rock is eroded away leaving a ledge or a step
describe the second stage of the formation of waterfalls
The river transports material and as it flows quickly over the ledge the soft rock below get eroded which forms a plunge pool and the hard rock is left overhanging
describe the third stage of the formation of waterfalls
As the ledge of hard rock is unsupported it eventually falls into the plunge pool. The fallen rock helps speed up the erosion of the plunge pool
describe the final stage of the formation of waterfalls
the first 3 stages are repeated an the waterfall gradually retreats and travels upstream and leaves behind a gorge of recession
Describe what happens during deposition
When a river looses energy, it will drop or deposit some of the material it is carrying
Deposition may take place when a river enters an area of shallow water or when the volume of water decreases
What is a confluence
the point where two rivers meet
What is the source in a river basin
The beginning of a river
Tributary
a small river which flows into the main river
The watershed
the boundary of a river basin which is usually on high ground
The mouth
The end of a river where it flows into the sea
name some factors of a LIC
High birth rate
Short life expectancy
High infant mortality rat
High death rate
High natural increase
Name some factors of a HIC
Low birth rate
Long life expectancy
Low infant mortality rate
Low death rate
Low natural increase
What impact does vegetation have in the flood aspect
Vegetation intercepts and traps the rainwater through the leaves and steam and also holds in the soil and roots.
Name some areas that are vulnerable to flooding
Coastal regions, riverbanks, low-lying areas, urban environments, and floodplains.
What impact does urbanisation have in floods
Urbanisation increases the amount of impermeable surfaces so that rainwater runs quickly to the river. Impermeable - areas water can not flow into and runs off the surface
What dies building on floodplains increase
the amount of impermeable surfaces so the rainwater runs quickly to the river