Greek History pt. 2

Xenophon, Oeconomicus

roles of men and women supported by hippocratic findings that it is from the gods, based on physical distinctions. (gynecology and humor theory)

metic

Described by Aristophanes as a foreigner that establishes residence in a city.

hetaerai

high class, educated escorts.

porne

prostitutes

Ancient Slavery

almost anyone was enslaved, often sourced from military conflict, piracy, or kidnapping. Freedom could be purchased. Considered property so couldn’t be ‘raped’ but killing them was illegal. expensive to purchase.

Hippocrates

father of medicine, sought natural causes for disease without dissection.

Focused work on humor theory which postulated that 4 liquids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) all need to be kept in balance.

Sophocles, Antigone

Creon was an illegitimate and Antigone refuses to obey his commands, the gods’ divine laws are more important

Aeschylus, Agamemnon

Clytemnestra murders Agamemnon for sacrificing their daughter, she upset the social order and was unduly violent.

Aristophanes, Frogs

Dionysos meets two women involved in commerce that he hadn’t paid. They call for Kleon to take vengeance on their behalf

Strabo, Geography

• description of hetaerai (upper class slaves) at temple of Aphrodite

Aristotle, Politeia

• defining what a slave is, nature of those who rule and those who are ruled

• description of Athenian democracy

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

• purpose of Delian league

• writes with the intent that others will read and learn from it in the future

• hopes is audience recognizes the cyclical nature of history

• critical of memory and traditions

• receives oral accounts and considers the effects of speeches to decide what he thinks would have been said to create such an effect.

Behistun inscription commissioned by Darius to legitimize his rule.

Contains multiple languages.

commemorates his ascent to the throne in conquering “pretenders” who are now subservient.

has servant holding weapons

God Mazda approves

Ionian revolt

Herodotus, History shows this as a direct cause for conflict between East and West.

Taxation from Persians took money away from the region and tyrants were in charge.

Athenians burn down Sardis but are defeated at Ephesus

Greeks aren’t punished but reforms are made to create local democracies and promote intermarriage.

“Earth and Water” demanded by Persians but Athenians and Spartans refuse.

Persian religion

tolerant

worship Ahura Mazda and other gods

Cyrus

Founder of Persian Empire, conquest of Lydia (Ionia)

Darius

oversees the creation of the Behistun inscriptions

conquered Thrace and Macedonia

established satrapies, administrative regions

tolerance

efficient road system

Cuneiform

script used for many languges. One of many scripts found on Behistun Inscription

hoplite. this is an older Corinthian helmet.

hoplites were heavily armored, used a long spear and rounded shield. Greeks emphasized infantry warfare. used in the phalanx

phalanx. close-knit hoplite formation that were used in many battles. There was little variation until Philip II. varied in depth. shields meant to protect oneself and the person next to you. the strongest phalanx was placed on the right.

Herodotus, Histories

• main source for Greco-Persian wars

• Writes about the hubris of Xerxes in relation to his inevitable fall, soldiers are ordered to whip the sea and throw fetters into it.

• Xerxes wanted to strike fear in the Greeks and show Persian might

Battle of Marathon

Although greatly outnumbered, Athenians are victorious. Main phalanx draw Persians in and surround them. Herodotus notes that their method of running towards the Persian was unnusual.

Battle of Thermopylae

battle with the narrow passage, led by Leonidas of Sparta with many other Greek forces. Despite success, Greece now open for invasion

Battle of Salamis

Athens had been sacked and burned but finance creation of more triremes, lure Persian ships towards Salamis and destroy them.

Xerxes

Leads second invasion. Returns to Persia after Battle of Salamis

• hubris as explained by Herodotus

Pentekontaetia

50 years of peace following the end of the Greco-Persian wars

• herodotus no longer writing

Sparta separates from alliance

Delian League is formed

Delian League

Thucydides - talks about purpose

• known also as Athenian Alliance

• members must pay tribute of triremes or tribute, lists kept of tribute. money originally kept on island of Delos

Kimon

Leads fleet of Delian League ships into Asia Minor and Egypt

Athenian leader who was ostracized after sending hoplites to assist with helot rebellion and being rejected by the Spartans.

returns from exile during First Peloponnesian War and negotiates peace (30-year truce)

Pericles

Makes allies with Sparta’s enemies

moves treasury to Athens, only tribute accepted

Athenian epigraphy or tribute list.

A Tholos, the most popular one being the prytaneion

Kleroterion.

Archons and generals

bv dcs

Ekklesia

Boule

Dikasteria

Athenian citizenship