8. Joints & Movements

Pivot joint

Rotation around a central axis; between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Hinge joint

Flexion and extension only; elbow

Condyloid joint

Flexion extension abduction adduction; between radius and carpals

Saddle joint

Wide range of movement; between trapezium and 1st metacarpal

Plane joint

Sliding movements; between tarsal bones

Ball-and-socket joint

Widest range of movement; hip and shoulder

Flexion

Decreases angle between bones

Extension

Increases angle between bones

Hyperextension

Extension beyond normal range

Abduction

Movement away from midline

Adduction

Movement toward midline

Circumduction

Circular movement

Lateral rotation

Rotation away from midline

Medial rotation

Rotation toward midline

Superior rotation

Upward rotation

Inferior rotation

Downward rotation

Supination

Palm up

Pronation

Palm down

Dorsiflexion

Foot upward

Plantar flexion

Foot downward

Inversion

Sole of foot inward

Eversion

Sole of foot outward

Protraction

Movement forward

Retraction

Movement backward

Elevation

Lifting upward

Depression

Lowering downward

Excursion

Side-to-side movement

Opposition

Thumb to fingers

Reposition

Return from opposition