Intro to Health, the Healthcare System, and Mental Health!
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173 Terms
What was the early definition of health?
The absence of disease or injury.
What is the recent definition of Health?
According to the WHO in 1947, it’s more than just the absence of disease or injury. It is entire: Physical, Mental, and Social well-being.
Why may children born today live shorter lifespans?
Because of obesity.
What is the average lifespan of someone who was born from 2007-2009?
81.1 years. (Respectively, 78.8 years for men, and 83.3 years for women.)
What is the Multi-Dimension Definition of Health?
“Health involves social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and biological fitness on the part of the individual, which results from adaptations to the environment.”
What is Wellness?
“Wellness is an ongoing active process of trying to achieve the highest level of health possible in each dimension.”
What are the 7 - Dimensions of Health?
They are: Physical Health, Social Health, Emotional Health, Environmental Health, Occupational Health, Intellectual Health, and Spiritual Health.
What is Physical Health?
“Physical health refers to such aspects as body size, shape, sensory acuity, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning and recuperative ability. It encompasses the ability to perform activities of daily living.”
What is Social Health?
“Social health refers to the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, interacting with others, and adapting to various social situations. It includes communication skills and other daily activities.”
What is Intellectual Health?
“Intellectual health refers to the ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically, and use brainpower effectively.”
What is Occupational Health?
Occupational health is the satisfaction people get from their careers and a balance between work and leisure.
What is Emotional Health?
Emotional health refers to the feeling component and the ability to appropriately express those feelings.
What is Environmental Health?
Environmental health refers to the appreciation of the external environment.
What is Spiritual Health?
Spiritual health refers to the deepest or innermost part of you, the part that provides meaning, purpose, transcendence, connectedness, and energy to your life.
Health Promotion requires which ( 5 ) levels of support?
Political, Organizational, Financial, Educational, and Environmental.
What does prevention mean, when related to health?
It means that I’m taking steps to make sure that I don’t get sick or injured, or reduce my chances of having this happen in my future.
What are the ( 3 ) - types of health prevention?
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.
What does “Primary Prevention” do?
It is the work done to stop health issues BEFORE THEY HAPPEN.
What does “Secondary Prevention” do?
It is the intervention work done during the EARLY STAGES OF A HEALTH PROBLEM.
What does “Tertiary Prevention” do?
It is the treatment or rehabilitation options for someone WHEN THEY ARE ALREADY SICK OR INJURED.
Which conditions are more prevalent in women?
Osteoporosis, arthritis, headaches.
Which conditions are more prevalent in men?
Heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke.
Is Sex Bias a weakness in medical research?
Yes!
What is Androcentricity?
Viewing the world (AND ITS INHABITANTS) from a MALE PERSPECTIVE ONLY.
What is Overgeneralization?
“Overgeneralization explores issues for one sex, but generalizes the findings to both sexes.”
What is Sex Insensitivity?
Overlooking sex as an important variable.
What is a Double-Standard in health-care?
Double standard is “the evaluation, treatment or measurement of the identical behaviours, traits or situations by different means.”
What is the leading cause of death for both men and women in Canada?
Cancer.
How can you IMPROVE your current AND future health?
By CHOOSING strong attitudes and behaviours.
What are the benefits to achieving optimal health?
Greater energy levels and increased capacity for interest in having fun
Stronger immune system
Improved self-confidence, self-concept, self-esteem and self-efficacy
Enhanced relationships
Better sleep
Improved ability to control and manage stress
Reduced reliance on healthcare system
Improved cardiovascular function
Increased muscular function, improved appearance, and self-esteem
More positive outlook on life
Improved environmental sensitivity, responsibility, and behaviours
Which PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS influence our BEHAVIOURS/ATTITUDES?
They are: Age, sex, ethnicity, income, family, education, environment, and access to health care.
What are our ENABLING FACTORS?
“Skills or abilities, physical, mental, and intellectual capabilities, as well as resources and accessible facilities.”
Are my enablers positive or negative?
Both!
How are positive and negative enablers different?
“Positive enablers encourage you to carry through with your intentions, while negative enablers work against your intentions to change.”
What are REINFORCING Factors?
“Reinforcing factors refer to the support and encouragement or discouragement that come from significant others or situations in your life that enable a particular behaviour. The way you reward or punish yourself for your successes and failures may affect your chances of adopting healthy behaviours.”
What does the Transtheoretical Model describe?
It describes the 7 Stages of Change, as you become MORE ready for change, gradually.
What are the 7 stages of change?
Precontemplation: people have no intention at the moment of changing.
Contemplation: people recognize that they need to change and are thinking about making a change.
Preparation: most people at this point are close to taking action, and they know they need to change.
Action: people actually make the change.
Maintenance: this stage requires vigilance, attention to detail, and long-term commitment in order to avoid relapse.
Termination: the new behaviour becomes a part of daily living.
Relapse: refers to the times when one does not continue with the behaviour change. Return to the plan and learn from the relapse in efforts to not allow that to happen again.
What is a Belief?
“A belief is an appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action, or idea.”
What is an Attitude?
“An attitude is a relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies in relation to something or someone.”
What role do your Attitudes and Beliefs have on your actions, and thus, your willingness to change when necessary?
“Your beliefs and attitudes about the value of your actions will affect what you do.”
Do beliefs and attitudes influence our behaviours?
Not really. Although beliefs may SUBTLY influence our behaviours, they may not actually cause people to change them.
A Belief must have support for your Behaviour to be affected. What are these supporting factors?
Percieved seriousness and susceptibility.
What is Percieved Seriousness?
“Perceived seriousness is when a person considers how severe the consequences would be if the health problem were to develop or be left untreated.”
What is Percieved Susceptibility?
It is “evaluating the likelihood of developing the health problem.”
What is a Behavioural Intention?
It “is a written or stated commitment to perform an action.”
What does the “Theory of Reasoned Action” say?
It says that “A person’s behaviours result from their intentions to perform actions.”
Why are significant others ‘Change-makers?’
Because “many people are highly influenced by the approval or disapproval of close friends and loved ones, and of the social and cultural groups to which they belong.”
How do Family Members Influence us?
“Family has a strong influence, and a family culture influences food choices, religious and political beliefs, and other values and actions. Dysfunctional situations produce more challenges and difficulties.”
What does the Theory of Planned Behaviours say?
It “outlines three reasons for how we choose to act: one’s attitude toward the behaviour; one’s level of perceived behavioural control; and one’s subjective norms.”
Behaviour Change Technique: SHAPING.
“Developing new behaviours in small steps.”
Behaviour Change Technique: VISUALIZING.
“The imagined rehearsal.”
Behaviour Change Technique: MODELLING.
“Learning behaviours by carefully observing other people.”
Behaviour Change Technique: CONTROLLING THE SITUATION.
“Situational inducement refers to an attempt to influence behaviour by using situations and occasions structured to exert control over that behaviour.”
Behaviour Change Technique: REINFORCEMENT.
“When there is positive reinforcement, it is likely that you will continue a behaviour.”
Behaviour Change Technique - Change that Self-Talk! - What is RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY?
It “is a form of cognitive or self-directed behavioural change.”
Behaviour Change Technique - Change that Self-Talk! - MEICHENBAUM’S SELF- INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
They “encourage clients to give positive self-instruction to themselves.”
BLOCKING OR THOUGHT-STOPPING
Making and taking change on your Behaviours requires 2 key components. What are they?
They are “Antecedents and Consequences.”
What are "Antecedents?”
“Antecedents are the setting events for the behaviour.”
What are “Consequences?”
“Consequences are the results of behaviours.”
What does decision-making and the “DECIDE” acronym allow you to do?
Make Changes to negative Behaviours that you both need and want to change.
What does each letter in the acronym “DECIDE,” stand for?
Decide in advance what the problem is
Explore the alternatives
Consider the consequences
Identify your values
Decide and take action
Evaluate the consequences
Why should you be cautious about the health info that you find online?
Because you first MUST make sure that you check it’s CREDIBILITY.
When you are evaluating online medical research and info, what factors should you consider?
Who runs the site?
Who pays for the site?
The purpose of the site?
Where does the information come from?
The basis of the information?
How is the information selected?
How current is the information?
How does site choose other sites?
What information does site collect, why?
How does site interact with visitors?Who runs the site?
Who pays for the site?
The purpose of the site?
Where does the information come from?
The basis of the information?
How is the information selected?
How current is the information?
How does site choose other sites?
What information does site collect, why?
How does site interact with visitors?
What is Canada’s healthcare system/model called?
Medicare.
What model does Canada’s healthcare system have?
Mostly “publicly-funded, privately delivered, national healthcare.”
What does Medicare cover?
“All medically necessary treatment.”
What is Spontaneous Remission?
“Spontaneous remission is the disappearance of symptoms without any treatment or apparent cause.”
What is the Placebo Effect?
“The placebo effect is an apparent cure or improved state of health brought about by a substance, product or procedure that has no therapeutic value.”
What is Self-Care?
“Consists of knowing your body, recognizing its signals and taking appropriate action to stop the progression of illness or injury, or to improve your health.”
When should you get medical attention?
You have a:
Serious accident or injury.
Sudden or severe chest pains.
Sudden high fever.
Persistent, recurrent diarrhea or vomiting.
How can you be proactive in caring for your health?
Know your medical history (your condition).
Bring friend, relative to medical appointments.
Ask providers to explain clearly.
Ask about medications, lab test results.
Seek a second opinion.
When looking for a healthcare provider, what factors ought you to consider?
What professional educational training, license or board certification do they hold?
Are they affiliated with an accredited medical facility or institution?
Do they indicate clearly how long a given treatment may last?
Do their diagnoses, treatments and general statements appear to be consistent with established scientific theory and practice?
Do they listen to you, appear to respect you as an individual, and give you time to ask questions?
What is the traditional, western medical practice also known as?
Allopathic medicine.
What is the problem with Allopathic medicine?
“Allopathic medicine focuses on treating the symptoms and not necessarily the problem causing the symptoms,” and “only 20% of treatments have found to be clinically effective in research trials.”
What medical professional should you consult for “routine ailments, preventive care, general medical advice, and appropriate referrals.”
A Primary Care Practitioner.
What is Informed Consent in medicine?
“Informed consent refers to your right to have explained to you all possible side effects, benefits, and consequences of specific procedures or treatments as well as available alternatives to it.”
What is non-Allopathic medicine also known as?
Alternative medicine.
What is Chiropractic medicine?
“Chiropractic medicine is based on the idea that a life-giving energy flows through the spine via the nervous system, and subluxations can disrupt that force. Chiropractors have received education through intensive four year program of study.”
What is Massage Therapy?
“Massage therapy refers to the assessment and treatment of the body’s soft tissues and is used to treat soft tissue injuries and dysfunction.”
What is Acupuncture
What are Herbalists and Homeopaths?
“Herbalists and Homeopaths practice medicine based on the medicinal qualities of plants or herbs.”
What do Naturopaths do?
“Naturopaths believe that illness results from violations of natural principles of life in modern societies. Treatment uses substances and forces found in nature: water, magnets, gravity, heat, crystals, minerals, herbs and the sun.”
Give examples of alternative therapies.
“Reflexology, iridology, aromatherapy, and auramassage.”
What are the different types of medical practices?
Group and independent practices. In group ones, the practitioners share the costs, etc for rent and supplies and operate out of the same buildings. Independent ones run independently, as you can imagine.
How to classify hospitals?
By profit - Non-profit or for-profit, by ownership - private or publicly owned, by specialty - cardiology, neurology, pediatric, oncology, etc,. and then also by size.
What can be said about the involvement of the government in our healthcare?
Several different levels of gov’t are involved in our healthcare.
Access to healthcare is determined by which factors?
Available health facilities, supply of healthcare providers, your health status, and geographic location.
Why is it challenging to gain access to the healthcare that you need when you live in a geographically remote place?
Because “doctors are not well distributed by specialty, and geographic areas cause gaps in service.”
What mechanisms are there to ensure the quality of the healthcare that you receive?
“Quality is based on education, licensure, certification or registration, accreditation, peer review, and malpractice litigation. Some of these mechanisms are mandatory while others are voluntary. Even with the quality measurements, there are still people who are victims of fraud and abuse.”
Why are primary-care practitioners fighting with the provincial and federal governments?
Because they are all fighting for financial recognition for their contributions to the health status of Canadians, and there is only so much funding for all of them, so they are vying for that.
What is pyschosocial health also known as?
Mental health.
Do psychosocially healthy people feel good about themselves?
Yes.
Do psychosocially healthy people feel comfortable with other people?
Yes.
Do psychosocially healthy people let tension and anxiety get out of control?
No.
Are psychosocially healthy people able to meet the demands of life?
Yes!
Can psychosocially healthy people curb hate and guilt?
Yes.