[UTS] Psychological Self

Psychology

- deals with the description, explanation, prediction and control of behaviour

- the study of human mind and behavior

Psyche

mind, soul, or spirit

Logia

study or research

Psychologist

It is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior

Psychiatrist

It is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

Psychological self

- Centers around the importance of self

- It can also be used as a form of therapy

The Self

defined as the individual as a whole

William James

- father of american psychology

- proposed theory of self

- theorized the components of the self that is divided into Me and I

1. Me Self

2. I self

2 Parts of the Self according to William James

Me Self

- Can be thought of as a separate object or individual a person refers to when describing their personal experiences.

- Empirical self or external self.

Material self

Social self

Spiritual self

Types of Me Self

Material Self

Consists of things that a person has or that a person belongs to

Social Self

- It is who we are in a given social situation.

- Social skills

Spiritual Self

- It is who we are at our core, and it is more concrete or permanent than the other two selves. personality, character, and defining values.

- Existential self

I Self

- the part of the self that knows who they are and what they have accomplished in life

- thinking self

- It is a subjective self that is aware of its own actions

Murray Bowen

- american psychiatrist

- among the pioneers of family therapy and a noted founder of systemic therapy

Family Therapy

A type of psychotherapy that helps family members better understand each other, support one another and work through difficult situations.

Systemic Therapy

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how an individual's personal relationships, behavior patterns, and life choices are interconnected with the issues they face in their life

Global Self

Differentiated Self

Two Types of Self according to Bowen

Global Self

- represents the over-all value that a person places upon himself

- Is more on the esteem of a person as it refers to the general value that a person places on him/herself.

- There is a positive and negative entity associated with global self-esteem

- How you view, define, and feels about yourself can be influenced by groups of people around you like family and friends

Differentiated Self

- the ability to separate feelings and thoughts.

- It is a degree in which one has the ability to not have his/her behavior driven by feelings.

Togetherness and Individuality

- Two Forces that Affect a Person in a Differentiated Self

- Should be maintained and balanced to ensure a sound relation with others.

Carl Rogers

- widely considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research

- best known for developing the psychotheraphy method called Person-centered Theraphy

- proposed the Person-centerd Theory

Person-centered Therapy

- This form of psychotherapy is grounded in the idea that people are inherently motivated toward achieving positive psychological functioning.

- The client is believed to be the expert in their life and leads the general direction of therapy, while the therapist takes a non-directive rather than a mechanistic approach

Unconditional positive regard

empathic understanding

congruence

Three core principles of Person-centered therapy

Ideal Self

Real Self

Two Types of Self According to Carl Rogers

Ideal Self

- the version of oneself that an individual aspires to become

- model version the person has of himself; this is what the person aims for himself to be; answers the question "Who do I want to be?"

Real Self

- Includes self-awareness of who a person truly is

- refers to all information and perception the person has about himself; answers the question "Who am I?"

Congruence

when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar

Incongruence

the difference between the ideal self and actual experiences

David Lester

- a British-American psychologist, suicidologist, and emeritus professor of psychology

- he is known for researching suicide

- proposed the Multiple Selves Theory

The World's Pre-eminent suicide Researcher

nickname of David Lester

Multiple Selves Theory

- in the individual's mind

- a complex organization of psychological contents (thoughts, feeling, emotions, and behaviors)

- Terms such as forces, voices, and identities lack this connotation of organization.

- It suggests that there exists in the individual different aspects of the self.

- However, a person should still make sense of the sometimes confusing and conflicting aspects of themselves and integrate them into a single, unified self.

Multiple Self and Unified Self

Two Types of Self According to David Lester

Multiple Self

- A psychoanalytic concept of the self as composed of many different self-states with different affective, perceptual, and cognitive features.

- It is believed that the self-states are sufficiently compatible to support internal conflicts of the person's wishes and desires.

Unified Self

Refers to the "composite" persona, or to the "self" that consists of all of the other personas that exist within a person's interactional style.

Donald Woods Winnicott

- he suggest that the self is composed of true self and false self

True Self

- Refers to a sense of self based on authentic experience, and the feeling of being truly present and alive

- Behaves spontaneously

- seen as creative, spontaneously experiencing each day; characterized by high levels of awareness.

False Self

- a defensive façade, behind which the person can feel empty, it's behaviours being learnt and controlled rather than spontaneous and genuine

- lacks spontaneity and is dead and empty; enables the person to form superficial but productive social relationships

True self and False self

should be present and functional for the advantage of person and society

- according to him the function of the self is to hide and protect the true self

- People tend to display a false self to impress others

- People tend to display a false self to impress other

Donald Woods Winnicott Ideas

Albert Bandura

- Canadian-born American psychologist

- originator of social cognitive theory

- best known for his modeling study on aggression which is Bobo doll experiment

- proposed the Social Cognitive Theory

Person according to Albert Bandura

the person is seen as proactive and agentic

Bobo doll experiment

demonstrated that children can learn behaviours through the observation of adults

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

where social cognitive theory started in the 1960s by albert bandura

developed into SCT in 1986

- posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.

Social Cognitive Theory

- The theory takes into account a person's past experiences, which factor into whether behavioral action will occur.

- These past experiences influence reinforcements, expectations, and expectancies, all of which shape whether a person will engage in a specific behavior and the reasons why a person engages in that behavior

Self efficacy

- refers to the level of a person's confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior

- influenced by a person's specific capabilities and other individual factors, as well as by environmental factors (barriers and facilitators)

Triadic Reciprocal Causation Model

- a model created by Albert Bandura

- illustrates how behavior is the result of interactions among personal characteristics, behavior, environmental factors

Human Agency

the concept implies that people are proactive, self reflective, self organizing and are capable of regulating our own behaviors to produce desired outcomes.

1. Intentionality

2. Forethought

3. Self-reactiveness

4. Self-reflectiveness

Four features of Human Agency

Intentionality

Person has full awareness of his behaviour.

Forethought

The person's anticipation of likely outcomes of his behaviour.

Self-reactiveness

The process in which the person is motivated and regulates his behaviour as he observes his progress in achieving his goals

Self-reflectiveness

The person looking inward and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other people's effect on him.

Four features of Human Agency

results in self-regulation which allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging his capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized individua