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What is central place theory?
A theory stating that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that serves as a place of exchange and service provision.
What happens to the market areas of settlements according to central place theory?
The market areas (hinterlands) of settlements overlap one another at different scales.
What size settlements have larger market areas?
Large settlements have larger market areas and fewer in number.
What is the minimum number of people required to support a business called?
Threshold.
What does the term 'range' refer to in economics?
The maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service.
What did Walter Christaller's research in the 1920s reveal?
A hierarchy of places across the landscape that follows a regular pattern.
What are clusters of similar business activities in a local area known as?
Agglomeration.
What two factors typically lead to the origins of urban places?
Access to resources and access to transportation.
What term describes communities where residential and farm structures are arranged closely together?
Clustered rural settlements.
How is a site's physical characteristic described?
As the physical characteristics of a place or its absolute location.
What does the term 'concentric zone model' refer to?
A model representing the Anglo-American city during industrialization, featuring five concentric rings.
What is the highest density of commercial land use typically found in?
The central business district (CBD).
What characterized the industrial zone in the concentric zone model?
An area of low-density commercial land with space-dependent activities like factories and warehouses.
What is an edge city?
A suburban CBD that has significant office and retail space and is located at transportation nodes.
What term describes urban areas where immigrants typically enter a country?
Gateway cities.
What is a megalopolis?
The merging of urbanized areas of two or more cities through suburban growth.
What is urban primacy?
When the largest city in a country has at least twice the population of the next largest city.
What does gentrification refer to?
The economic reinvestment in existing real estate leading to the displacement of low-income residents.
What are squatter settlements?
Improvised homes built by people who occupy land they do not own.
What does the term 'redlining' mean in economic terms?
Designating neighborhoods where mortgage and insurance applications would be automatically denied.
What does urban sustainability involve?
Measuring economic and environmental impacts of urban growth and development.
Which model depicts the common urban landscapes in Latin America?
Latin American City Model.
What is the bid-rent curve?
A representation of the cost-to-distance relationship of real estate prices in urban landscapes.
What happens in the zone of peripheral squatter settlements?
They house most of the urban poor in Latin America.
What are circular settlements typically characterized by?
A circle of homes surrounding a central open space.
What does 'urban social change' refer to?
The long-term turnover of neighborhood social and ethnic composition.
What factors contribute to urban economic growth?
Infrastructure requirements such as utilities and transportation access.
What is the role of the property taxes in relation to schools?
Property taxes often do not meet the demand for high-quality schools in urban areas.
What are constraints faced by suburban political anti-growth movements?
Efforts to slow suburban development and limit approval of new suburban infrastructure.
What is the purpose of brownfield remediation?
The process of removing or sealing hazardous contaminants from former industrial sites.
What does 'counterurbanization' mean?
The movement of inner-city residents to rural areas to escape urban issues.
What do traffic congestion issues often trigger in urban areas?
Public pressure on local politicians to find solutions.
What is meant by 'urban diversity'?
The concept that cities around the world have different structures and forms.
What is the focus of the Southeast Asian City Model?
Features a traditional CBD centered around old colonial ports with various housing classes.
What is the definition of a world city?
A metropolitan area that serves as a global center for finance, trade, and commerce.
What aspect of urban environments does the term 'mixed-use' refer to?
Buildings that contain both housing and commercial space.
What is the effect of suburban sprawl?
The expansion of housing and commercial development into undeveloped land on the urban periphery.
What was the significance of the Gold Rush in California regarding urban origins?
It established Sacramento as a resource node due to its access to gold.
What were Victorian-era garden city homes designed to resemble?
European farmhouses with front lawns.
What is the situation of a place in relation to?
Its relationship with other locations, or its relative location.
What characterized the market zone in the Sub-Saharan African City Model?
An open-air area where informal business is conducted.
What role does new downtown housing play in urban sustainability?
It reduces suburban sprawl and decreases transportation impacts.
What are linear settlements typically associated with?
Structures that follow a road or a stream front.
What are micro districts?
Zones of uniform housing providing worker housing near job sites.
What does the term 'urban disamenity' refer to?
Squatter communities built on unsuitable land just outside city centers.
What historic factors contribute to urban segregation?
De facto segregation without legal requirements leading to ethnic separation zones.
What is significant about the Suburbanization in the U.S.?
The suburban single-family home is the dominant feature of the suburban landscape.
What is indicated by the presence of multiple nuclei in urban models?
Emerging suburban business districts as significant urban structures.
Who typically settles in the zone of in situ accretion?
People of indigenous or mixed descent living outside city limits.
What was the trend regarding women in urban settings in recent decades?
The percentage of female-headed households has significantly increased.
What does the term 'urban hierarchy' discuss?
The ranking of world cities based on levels of importance in global finance and trade.
What economic developments led to the rise of exurbs?
The expansion of wealthy areas with large tracts of land outside cities.
Who are suitcase farmers?
Individuals who work in cities but maintain farms outside of town.
What has caused suburban service providers to relocate from city centers?
The shift of much of their consumer base moving to suburban areas.
What is the significance of using hexagons in central place theory?
To represent individual market areas in Christaller’s model.
What is the main purpose behind zoning laws in many cities?
To separate residential and commercial spaces.
What trend in urban transportation is primarily caused by local pollution?
Air pollution from vehicle emissions affecting public health.
What does the informal satellite townships in sub-Saharan Africa indicate?
Mostly squatter settlements around major cities.
How are urban economies developed?
Urban governments must ensure adequate infrastructure and services are in place.
What problem arises as a result of the lack of affordable downtown housing?
Only upper-middle-class income earners can afford new housing units.
What influences the patterns of suburban growth in many areas?
Anti-growth movements affecting regulations on new developments.
What are the characteristics of edge cities based on Joel Garreau's model?
Significant office and retail space, high daytime but low nighttime populations.
