Neurology

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The control center of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, processes information, and sends out commands.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves, functioning as messengers to transmit information.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Part of the PNS responsible for voluntary movements, controlling actions like walking and lifting.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System

A subdivision of the ANS that prepares the body for action (fight or flight).

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A subdivision of the ANS that calms the body (rest and digest).

Neurons

The building blocks of the nervous system that carry signals throughout the body.

Sensory Neurons

Carry information to the CNS from the body.

Motor Neurons

Carry instructions from the CNS to the muscles.

Interneurons

Connect sensory and motor neurons and are found in the spinal cord and brain.

Dendrites

Parts of a neuron that receive signals.

Axon

Part of a neuron that sends signals.

Synapses

Tiny gaps between neurons where signals are transmitted.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves that directly link the brain to different parts of the head and organs.

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs of nerves that connect the spinal cord to muscles and skin.

Motor Cortex

The area in the frontal lobe responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements.

Primary Motor Cortex

Sends direct signals to muscles to execute movements.

Premotor Cortex

Plans movements before they are executed.

Supplementary Motor Area

Controls complex movements.

neuroglia

specialized cell that supports neurons

calcium & potassium

electrolytes most needed in action potential

frontal lobe

motor cortex is in what lobe of the brain?

Brodmann’s area 4

another term for primary motor cortex

left side of the body

right cerebral cortex controls what side of the body?

right side of the body

left cerebral cortex controls what side of the body?

medulla oblongata

• connection of brainstem to spinal cord

• relays motor signals

trochlear and abducens

eye movement

trigimenal

facial sensation and chewing

facial

facial expressions and taste

vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance (equilibrium)

glossopharyngeal

taste and swallowing

vagus

throat, heart, lungs, digestion

accessory

neck and shoudlers movement

hypoglossal

tongue movement, swallowing, speech

CNS

neuroglia:

• Ependymal cells

• Oligodendrocytes

• Astrocytes

• Microglia

PNS

Neuroglia:

• Satellite cells

• Schwann cells

oculomotor

eyeball and eyelid movement

trigimenal

largest cranial nerve and divided into 3 branches:

1. ophthalmic

2. maxillary

3. mandibular