Pediatric Conditions Exam 2

ADHD facts

Common childhood neurobehavioral disorder; inattention/impulsivity

ADHA Prevalence

5-10% prevalence; boys > girls

ADHD Causes

Genetic cause; food dyes not proven.

ADHD NOT TRUE

Food coloring causes ADHD; all ADHD has hyperactivity; only boys get ADHD.

ADHD behaviors

Inattention, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, poor coordination, disorganization, mood swings, social clumsiness.

I HOP mnemonic

Inattention, Hyperactivity, Overactivity, Poor impulse control.

ADHD diagnostic criteria

Before age 7; ≥6 months; in more than one setting.

ADHD types

Inattentive, Hyperactive‑Impulsive, Combined.

NOT a type

ADD, Hyperactive only, Mixed inattentive disorder.

Scarlet fever

Group A Strep; fever, sore throat, strawberry tongue, red rash; ages 2-8; complications: rheumatic fever, kidney disease.

Scarlet fever NOT TRUE

Caused by virus; rash before sore throat; strawberry tongue uncommon.

Chickenpox

Varicella‑zoster; contagious; macule→papule→vesicle→crust; trunk rash; itchy; fever.

Mumps

Mumps virus; parotid swelling; fever; ear pain; chewing pain; complications: orchitis, meningioencephalitis, hearing loss.

Bacterial meningitis

Fever, stiff neck, headache; vomiting, photophobia; seizures late; respiratory spread; neuro complications.

Meningitis triad

Fever, neck stiffness, headache.

Kawasaki disease

<5 years; strawberry tongue; conjunctivitis; peeling fingers; lymphadenopathy; coronary aneurysm risk.

Mononucleosis

Epstein‑Barr virus; fatigue; sore throat; avoid contact sports 4 weeks (splenic rupture risk).

Most common swimming injury

Shoulder overuse/RC impingement.

Growth plate fractures

Occur in growing bones; wrist/knee/ankle; usually heal fully; knee injuries may cause lasting issues.

Growth plate NOT TRUE

Always require surgery; always stunt growth.

Most common sports injury

Sprains and strains (esp. ankle).

Rotavirus

Viral gastroenteritis with more diarrhea than vomiting; lasts 5-7 days.

Infant gastroenteritis symptoms

Vomiting, dry diaper, bloody stool, dry mouth, no tears, sunken fontanel, lethargy.

Infant gastroenteritis NOT TRUE

Many wet diapers; increased urination; normal tears; bulging fontanel; hyperactivity.

Ringworm

Tinea corporis; fungal; circular rash with raised border; itchy; spreads via humans/animals/objects.

Ringworm NOT TRUE

Caused by a worm.

Pinworm

Enterobiasis; Enterobius vermicularis; nighttime anal itching.

Most common gastroenteritis cause (U.S.)

Viruses, esp. Norovirus.

Main complication of gastroenteritis

Dehydration.

Infant jaundice

Yellow skin/sclera; sleepiness; poor feeding; due to immature liver/bilirubin buildup; may occur with mono or UTI.

Measles

Myxovirus; fever, coryza, conjunctivitis, cough; Koplik spots; maculopapular rash starting at hairline.

Measles NOT TRUE

Rash starts on feet; Koplik spots after rash; measles is bacterial.

Torticollis

SCM spasm → head tilt + opposite chin rotation.

Upper cervical torticollis

Pain on same side as head tilt.

Lower cervical/upper thoracic torticollis

Pain on opposite side (leaning away).

ADHD age

Before 7 years.

ADHD duration

≥6 months.

ADHD settings

More than one.

Scarlet fever cause

Group A Strep.

Strawberry tongue

Scarlet fever.

Chickenpox virus

Varicella‑zoster.

Classic mumps finding

Parotid swelling.

Meningitis triad

Fever, headache, stiff neck.

Leading acquired heart disease in kids

Kawasaki disease.

Mono virus

Epstein‑Barr virus.

Mono sports restriction

No contact sports 4 weeks.

Most common sports diagnosis

Sprains and strains.

Most common swimming injury

Shoulder overuse.

Growth plate healing

Usually complete.

Growth plate lasting issues

Knee most common.

Most common U.S. gastroenteritis

Norovirus.

More diarrhea than vomiting

Rotavirus.

Main gastroenteritis complication

Dehydration.

Ringworm cause

Fungus.

Ringworm name

Tinea corporis.

Pinworm name

Enterobiasis.

Pinworm organism

Enterobius vermicularis.

Pinworm symptom

Nighttime anal itching.

Measles lesion

Koplik spots.

Measles rash start

Hairline.

Upper cervical pain

Same side.

Lower cervical pain

Opposite side.