Lecture 6/16

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on blood, hemophilia, liver function, and heart anatomy.

How does positive feedback affect blood clotting?

Positive feedback to speed up formation of prothrombin activator, which creates more thrombin, leading to clotting.

What does the liver produce?

Clotting factors, fibrinogen, albumin, and components of the urea cycle.

What is hemophilia A and how is it treated?

Hemophilia A is missing clotting factor eight, which can be injected if cut to help with blood clotting.

What is sex-linked when referring to chromosomes?

The X and Y chromosomes which determine sex.

In terms of sex chromosomes, what does it mean to be female?

XX.

In terms of sex chromosomes, what does it mean to be male?

XY.

Why is hemophilia more prevalent in males?

They have one X chromosome, so they cannot offset a bad copy with a good copy.

Why can a woman carry hemophilia but not necessarily have it?

She can offset it with a good copy.

What has to happen for a female to get hemophilia?

Dad has to have hemophilia and mom has to be a carrier.

What is a thrombus?

Most people die from this that breaks away.

What is related to most problems with the heart and most strokes?

Diet.

What does the cardiovascular system include?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

What does pulmonary mean?

Lungs.

What occurs in the pulmonary circuit?

Gas exchange.

Pulmonary is on what side?

The right side.

Systemic is on what side?

The left side.

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart.

What is the pulmonary vein?

Vein that carries oxygenated blood.

What is the pulmonary artery?

Artery that carries deoxygenated blood.

What is the diaphragm?

It is the muscle responsible for breathing.

What is the phrenic nerve?

It is the nerve that innervates the diaphragm.

What is the mediastinum?

It is the space located between the lungs.

What cavity are the plural and pericardial cavities within?

The thoracic cavity.

What is the visceral membrane?

The membrane that sits on top of the organ.

What is the myocardium?

The muscle of the heart.

What feeds the heart?

The coronary circulation.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

What is the right atrium?

All deoxygenated blood ends up here.

What vessels are in play during the cardiac anatomy portion of the lecture?

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta and pulmonary artery.

What is the right AV valve also called?

The tricuspid valve.

What is the left AV valve also called?

The bicuspid or mitral valve.

What is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

Pulmonary valve.

What valves are you to know for the exam?

Heart valves, AV valves, semilunar valves.

What heart valve is most often needed to be replaced?

The bicuspid valve.

What do AV valves do?

They prevent blood from going backwards.

Why is it important to learn the anatomy of the heart with blood flow in mind?

It make it easier to learn and to have some knowledge of what is going on.

Name the arteries that get clogged, either a thrombus or a thromboemboli.

The coronary arteries.

What are some risk factors of heart disease?

Smoking, diabetes, stress, sedentary lifestyle, weight, male, hypertension, and high cholesterol.

What is Estrogen?

It is incredibly protective for females from cardiovascular issues.

Briefly discuss the bypass surgery.

They collect a piece of vein from your leg, the great saphenous vein, and they replace the clogged artery with it.

What did Dr. Atkins believe about his heart patients?

That if he could get them to go on the Atkins diet, he could keep a lot of them from undergoing bypass surgery.

What diet do most cardiologists recommend?

The Mediterranean diet.

What is the vagus nerve?

Cranial nerve number 10, it comes out of the brain stem, down into your thoracic cavity and abdominal pelvic cavity and innervates your organs, basically.

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

It is the punching like you're pushing to go to bathroom, like you're constipated to stimulate the vagus nerve.

What is the hearts pacemaker?

The SA node.

What takes over if the SA node fails?

AV node.

What is the AV bundle sometimes called?

Bundle of hiss.

What is EKG or ECG?

It monitors the electrical events of your heart.

What are the two types of cardiologists?

One does the diagnostics, reads EKGs, does the stress test, and looks at the diagnostics. The other does the heart surgeries.

What is glycogen?

Polysaccharide and a storage form of glucose.

What do gap junctions do and what part of the heart are they in?

They connect your cardiomyocytes, which allow contraction to happen at one time through the whole atrium.

What does myoglobin do?

It stores oxygen in your heart.

What does the brain require in order to function?

Glucose.

What is threshold when referring to heart action potentials?

It's is the point at which sodium channels open up.

With sodium, what is the heart's version of our local potential?

Pacemaker potential.

What's going on during the P wave?

Atria depolarization.

What's going on during the QRS?

Ventricular depolarization.

What's going on during the T wave?

Ventricular repolarization.

See Slide 21

Diagnostic value in electrical movement and time.

What happens during the quiescent period?

The great veins return blood to the heart.

What is the job of the atria?

Contract the remaining 30% of blood into the ventricles.

What is heart sound one, S1?

It's with the AV valve slam shut.

What is heart sound two, S2?

Occurs with the closure of the semilunar valve.

What opens the semilunar valves?

Rising pressure.