Exam 3

Metacentric

Centromere in the middle

Submetacentric

Centromere toward the top of chromosome

Acrocentric

Centromere toward the top of chromosome (p arm ~5% length of long arm)

Telocentric

Only one side of arm (either only p or only q)

P arm

Short arm

Q arm

Long arm

Deletion

Deletion of a segment of a chromosome (lethal in males) (partial haploid)

Duplication

The making of a partial triploid

Inversion

The flip of a chromosomal segment

Pericentric Inversion

Both arms are affected

Paracentric Inversion

One are is effected

Translocation

A chromosomal segments moves locations

Homologous Translocation

Chromosomal segment moves on the same chromosome

Nonhomologous Translocation

Chromosomal segment moves onto a different chromosome

Reciprocal Translocation

Two chromosomal segments swap places on the chromosomes

Robertsonian Translocation

Two arms fuse together (resulting in a very long chromosome and a small fragment) (loss of a little genetic information)

Microduplication

Small variations in the normal genome pattern

Fragile X

Affects males --> Tip of the X cs looks like it will break off

Deletion of the p arm in cs 5

Cri du chat syndrome

Deletion Syndromes

Wolf-hershorn syndrome and Williams syndrome

Hardy Weinberg Law

Allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of evolution

Hardy Weinberg Equation

p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1

Hardy Weinberg Requirement's

1. No Mutation
2. Large Population
3. Random Mating
4. Isolated (no migration)
5. No Natural Selection

Hardy Weinberg Deviations

1. Mutations
2. Small population
3. Nonrandom Mating
4. Migration
5. Natural Selection

Directional Selection

Shift toward one phenotype

Disruptive Selection

Select for extremes

Stabilizing Selection

Select for mean (average)

Gene Flow

Phenomenon caused by migration

Genetic Drift

Phenomenon caused by small populations

Bottleneck Event

Large number of population die off and a loss of an allele occurs

Genotype frequency

n/total alleles present

Allele frequency

# of times the allele is found / total # of alleles

Prototrophy

Wild type strain

Auxotrophy

Mutant Strain

Resistant Strains

Uneffected by treatment / environment

Susceptible Strains

Effected by treatment / environment

F+ Cell

Cell that has the F - factor

F- Cell

Cell that lacks the F - factor

Hfr Cell

Has F - factor integrated into the cs (high frequency recombination)

F' Cell

Hfr Cell that lost the F - factor imprecisely

Conjugation

Transfer of Genetic material through direct contact

Transformation

Chromosomes uptake DNA that has been lysed from another chromosome

Transduction

Uptake of DNA through a virus

Ames Test

Screening for a mutigen (treating auxotrophs --> phototrophs)

Conjugation Mechanism

Pelis

DNAse

Inhibits transformation

Viron Structure

Cs (DNA or RNA) --> Capsid (protein coat) --> envelope (some)

Attach to the host cell

1st step of lytic cycle (very specific)

Penetration

2nd step of lytic cycle

Synthesis of viral components

3rd step of lytic cycle

Self assembly

4th step of lytic cycle

Escape for host cell

5th step of lytic cycle

Generalized Transduction

Transfer of DNA through a virus

Lysogenic cycle

Host cell harbors viral DNA

Phrophage

Viral genome intergrated into a bacteria

Provirus

Viral Genome intergrated into a eukaryote

Retrovirues

Transposable elements

HIV Virus

Retrovirus (lysogenic) infects T-lymphocytes with CD4 receptor

Genomic Reassortment (influenza)

Create a new combo of RNA, More than one variation infects and mingles together

Covid Structure

RNA envelope virus (spiked proteins)

Hardy Weinberg

If there is no evolution the allele frequency stay the same (persons)

Lederberg and Tatum

Conjugation requires direct contact (use of U-Tube)

Wollman and Jacob

Used Hfr strains to develop a gene map for e. coli

Griffith

DNA can get through the filter (transformation) no direct contact (inhibited by DNAse)

Lederberg and Zinder

Salmonella experiment --> No cell contact and DNAse resistant --> Transduction

Delbruck

Discovered the viral life cycle

Ames

Experiment screening for mutation to prototrophy

Beadle and Tatum

One gene --> one product

Conditional Classification

Permissive = OK
Restrictive = Mutant phenotype