AP psy u3 d4-5

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a given amount of time. Determines pitch: or a tone’s highness or lowness.

Amplitude

determines loudness. 10 Decibels = 10x sound intensity

Place theory

• The theory's that (a) sounds of different frequencies different places along the basilar membrane and (B) pitch is coded by the place of maximal stimulation

  • weakness: doesn’t explain low pitch sounds

Frequency theory

• rate of never impulses travelling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone

• suggests that whole basilar membrane vibrates

• Weaknesss: can’t explain high pitch soudn’s

Volley theory

the principle that individual fibers in an auditory nerve responded to one or another stimulus in rapid succession

How do we locate sound

• Volume in ears

• Frequency shading

• Time delay

• Phase difference'

Type of hearing loss: Sensorineural

• nerve damage, damage to cochle’s receptor cells

type of hearing loss: conduction

technical damage to the system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Olfaction:

the sense of smell, involving stimulation of receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium by airborne volatile substances called odorants

Olfactory cells

carry info to olfactory bulb

Olfactory bulb

activates prefrontal cortex

Pheromones

Some species orders used as a form of chemical communication

Gustation

the sense of taste

types of taste

• Sweet

• Sour

• Salty

• Bitter

• Umami (savoriness)

• Oleo Gustus (a taste for fat)

Taste cell

receptor cell for gustatory stimuli

Non tasters are unable to taste

the chemical propylthiouracil (PROP), a bitter compound

Medium tasters are people with

an average number of taste buds; they taste the bitter prop at and avg/medium level

Supertasters are ppl who are

• extremely sensitive to taste, have a high number of taste buds. Women more likely.

Sensory interaction

without the sense of smell, taste sensations are mute

Warm/Cold receptors

basic skin sensations include cold, warmth, pressure, and pain. A part of central nervous which monitors temperature of core and organs.

pain

experience evoked by harmful stimulus; directs our attention towards danger

nonreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to stimuli that are painful or determinate to organism

Pain is not triggered by

one stimulus, and at certain intensities other stimulus can cause pain.

Gate control theory

• brain can only focus on one pain stimulus at a time

  • pain msgs travel along a set of spinal cord never fibers.

  • Fibers carrying pain messages have pain gates

  • the non-pain fibers however can sometimes close the pain gates if there is competing stimulation

Top-down processing can also occur during the pain experience because

ur brain plays a key role in whether you will perceive pain and how that perception will occur.

Phantom limb pain

the person feels pain in area of amputated limb, often manifested as a tingling or painful sensation in missing limb

Phantom limb sensations suggest that

the brain can misinterpret spontaneous center nervous system activity that till occurs even when normal sensory input

Vestibular sense

controls balance and is primarily detected by the semicircular canals and structures in the brain

Kinesthesis

the sense of one’s body movement; provides information through receptors in the muscles tendons and joints enabling humans and other animals to control and coordinate their movements, including walking, talking, facial