History y11

Scalawags

White Democrats who joined Republican Party (the north)

Carpetbaggers

White people who went to the South and became Democrats

Sharecropping

Freedmen were given a small plot of land and resources to farm by a landowner

At the end of the season, they had to give a share to them (often a large share), kinda new form of slavery

Were scalawags good republicans?

Scalawags did not share the Republican commitment to civil rights and suffrage for African Americans. Over time, many of them returned to the Democratic Party.

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

 If 10% of voters from 1860 take oath and accept emancipation , southern states can re-enter union 

Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson’s Plan)

Everyone takes oath of loyalty in order to vote, Restoration of property (except slaves), Election of new gov’ts., declare secession illegal, repudiate debt, ratify 13th amendment

Congressional Reconstruction (Radical Reconstruction)

Response to Johnson and black codes

Radical Republicans seized control of Reconstruction from President Andrew Johnson. Congress placed the South under military occupation and required states to protect Black civil rights to rejoin the Union.

Reconstruction Act of 1867:

• 5 military districts

• Confederate leaders banned from voting until state constitutions ratified

• Black suffrage

• Ratify 14th amendment (13th was ratified under Johnson’s Plan 

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Bureau to represent freedmen and give them tools to integrate

• When the Bureau collapses it leaves freedmen without support

• Federally funded

Black Codes

• Black Codes passed to circumvent 13th amendment

• Restrictive, discriminatory laws passed by Southern states in the US immediately post- Civil War 

• To restrict the freedom of newly emancipated African Americans and force them back into a cheap labor economy that mirrored slavery

Election of 1876

presidential election! Marked the end of the reconstruction 

What did the election of 1876 lead to

It led to the creation of a Special Committee to decide where the electoral votes would go, The committee chose Rutherford B. Hayes. The Democrats accepted this decision in return for assurances that Radical Reconstruction of the South would be terminated.

Jeffersonian “American Dream”

wanted americans to be independent and self sufficient

Industrialization/Urbanization

The expansion of manufacturing and an exploding railroad network pulled millions of immigrants and rural Americans into cities

John D. Rockefeller

owns and runs Standard Oil, hella rich

William Jennings Bryan

• democratic candidate for president in 1896

• Bryan runs for president but he takes a lot of Populist platform in his “Cross of Gold” speech 

  • Get off gold standard (gov can only mint money as in reserve)

  • Populists want bi-metalism (balance b/w silver and gold, growing money supply)

  • Puts populists in a bad spot (Bryan has same ideas- they have to join)

Booker T. Washington

Promoted civil rights through: Self-help, Racial accommodation, Earning respect, Work hard towards the future, not now

WEB DuBois

Promoted civil rights through: Civil rights agenda and political action

Carrie Chapman Catt

Longtime feminine activist, tried to make a change at a state level

Alice Paul

Newer suffragist, wanted to make changes at a federal level, more fast in comparison to Catt

Pure Food and Drug Act

required thorough FDA approval for food and drug selling and production

• After a book revealed unsanitary meat production 

USS Maine

catalyst for spanish american war, US ship that blew up in havana. Americans blamed spain 

Philippines (Spanish American War)

- fought spain for independence and when US/ Spanish war was hapening US bought Philippines fought back and lost

Platt Amendment/Cuba (Spanish American War)

- US grants Cuban independence 

• US drafts Cuban Constitution Plaque amendment: If Cuba has instability, US can come correct it

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• Addition to Doctrine

• US would use force to protect economic interests in Latin America

• Speak softly while demonstrating military force and power 

• US can exercise international police power in the Western Hemisphere.

  • Ensure security and stability in the Western hemisphere through interventio

Dollar Diplomacy

done by taft and Roosevelt, banks invest in foreign countries so the countries become dependent on US, peaceful leverage

Annexation of Hawaii

Hawaii was important to us economy, and merchants in hawaii outnumbered native hawains. Bc of tariffs, framers in us wanted to annex hawaii so they woukld’t have to pay duty. Overthrew the queen. Cleveland didnt like the idea id annexing it but mckinley was after him and liked the idea.  

 Missionary/Moral Diplomacy

Wilson wouldn’t recognize undemocratic or hostile govs/ ones that disagree with US values

Treaty of Versailles ratification debate

Senate didn’t ratify Treaty of Versailles after World War I

• Article X

• The League of Nations must work to preserve peace and avoid aggression

• Everyone must collaborate to protect on another from external dangers

Wilson on Article X

considers X as a “moral obligation” and not legally binding, so US can interpret this Article when necessary

Henry Cabot Lodge (Senator) on Article X

• Only Congress can declare war, X holds no power militarily, and US is not obliged to follow it 

• Wants to accept under conditions 

Henry Cabot Lodge on Senate:

It's all Wilson's fault!

Why couldnt US join legue of nations bc of disagreement on article X

because for senate, 2/3 votes are needed and if neither Wilsons people nor lodges ppl agree, there wont be enough votes for anything to get passes (neither og traty of versilles or revised version)

The Great Migration

bunch of african americans moved from the south to the north

18^th Amendment

• Prohibition

• Drinking leads to evil

• Wasn’t very effective 

  • Couldn’t sell alcohol, but people could still make it…

  • Bootlegging 

19^th Amendment

• Women’s suffrage

  • Pushing forward with suffrage 

• Housed in traditional gender roles 

• Give women the right to vote because they do so much in society 

Flappers

1920s young women, short hair and dresses, they anted equality!!, introduced the rebellious female culture of that time, but women still had more rules than men

Red Scare

US fear of communism, Went big on isolationism and seeking out communists

Rise of Nativism

prejudice against foreign-born people (non Anglo-Saxons), caused by World wars which led to communism, need for unskilled labourers decreased, KKK were extremists

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

2 Italians were executed for a crime they didn’t commit

Rise of consumerism

result of credit, people could buy things they could afford. Economy was crashing, so people stopped consuming which led to industries falling as demand lessened. Was a boom in 1950s bc economy was # better

Scope’s Trial

Biology teacher arrested for teaching the scientific creation of the world (protastants dont beielve in ts and they were lowk building US on their values at that time)

Stock Market Crash

stock prices were dropping, alot of people had bought stocks using borrowed money which was an issue since they wernt gaining, and that tactic only works if price keeps going up. Because prices were dropping, people sold their stocks out of panic, which led prices to decrease more. The banks want their money back bc theyre #out of money except the ppl who took out loans cant pay them back bc the stocks didnt rise in value and then the bank bc of this is out of money which leads everyone who had money in the banks to lose their money too… Great depression!!1 

Hoovervilles

Towns poor people lived, Named after Hoover to mock him

b/c of him and the great depression

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

tariff that was supposed to protect americans from foreign competition but by reducing goods coming into US , other countries couldnt buy US goods bc they didnt have US currency. As a result other countries raised their tariffs and world trade fell 40% 

Federal Emergency Relief Act

It created a partnership between the federal government and States/ local governments to help with taxes and unemployment

- Gave money to local governments to then go give to those in need

- Work relief programs

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Program to boost agriculture prices by reducing the total number of crops, government paid farmers financial subsidies in exchange for voluntarily limiting production and leaving some of their land fallow.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Insured bank deposits → protects people’s money from banking failures

Civilian Conservation Corps

It gave unemployed single men ages 18-25 jobs in nature conservation. These men were given food, pay, shelter, and educational opportunities. It also boosted morale throughout the country.

Wagner Act

Gave employees an edge over employers through collective bargaining an the ability to strike and join unions

Social Security Act

established a comprehensive system of benefits people (olf ppl disabled, mothets, ex.)

Tennessee Valley Authority

built dams up and down the river system for flood control and power generation, it provided electricity to rural areas

National Industrial Recovery Act

 attempted to stimulate economic recovery and solve unemployment by establishing industry-wide "codes of fair competition”

Fair Labor Standards Act

• Created a max workweek, overtime pay + minimum wage

• No child labor

Federal Project Number One

Opportunities for artists & people unfit for blue collar jobs (like art) by giving jobs that would benefit the public

Japanese Internment

Japanese ppl were forcibly relocated and incarcerated in concentration camps in the United States bc of paranoia about espionage 

Executive Order 9066

order that authorized internment camps for (indirectly) japanese people on the west coast

New opportunities for women and blacks

-since the med had left the workforce, women and black people were both faced with new opportunity are were able to enter it 

Rosie the Riveter

 cartoon who represents the women who worked in the factories and shipyards during World War II, 

Rationing and Recycling

 federal government mandated rationing and recycling to conserve vital materials for the military and control inflation, forced to ration

Korematsu v. US

courtcase that ruled internment constitutional emergency war power

Zoot Suit Riots

zoot suits were a trend pf large suits worn by mostly african americans, kinda mexican americans too, Ppl had issues with it bc it was oversized and they were supposed to be rationing so seen as unamerican. American servicemen searched the streets for zoot suitors to beat

• hispanics were arrested after foghting back

A. Philip Randolph

activist, organized a march that resulted in the creation of FEPC to prevent march from happening

Alger Hiss

- Worked for department under FDR

• He was called a secret spiller 

• He goes on trial and convicted of communism

“The Hollywood Ten”

- Group of Hollywood directors who spoke out against HUAC 

• Huac was asking for names of ppl wgho could be communists

• Hollywood blacklisted them yo #emo bc they refused to testify 

Joseph McCarthy

• Wisconsin senator

• Led Red Scare

• Aggressive remarks made McCarthyism

McCarthyism

Making a public accusation of treason or subversion- specifically alleging that someone was a communist with little to no acc evidence

HUAC

• (House Un-American Activities Committee)

• Seek out subversive communists

  • Stuff tied to communist party

Duck and Cover

defense method taught to schoolchildren in the 1950s and 60s to protect themselves during a nuclear attack

Brown v. Board of Education

• landmark decision of Supreme Court 

• ruled US state laws making racial segregation in schools violate Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, even if the segregated facilities are equal in quality.

Little Rock Nine

 9 African American students who integrated Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in 1957

• Eisenhower sent military to guard the 9

• Their enrollment sparked the Little Rock Crisis, a major turning point in the American civil rights movement following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Rosa Parks’s arrest sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott, where black citizens of Montgomery refused to ride the buses in protest of racial segregation.

• The first mass-action of the modern civil rights era, and served as inspiration to other civil rights activists

• MLK, Jr. emerged as leader of the Boycott. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) emerged as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).

Martin Luther King, Jr.

- Wanted equality through peace

• Didn’t like Black Power movement

• Led peaceful protests like marches

Freedom Rides

• Response to the segregation of public transportation

• Activists of diff ages and races and religions yo travel together on intestate buses from dc to the deep south

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• “Second emancipation”

• Banned most discrimination  in employment and public acconimations

• Enlarged federal power yo protect voting rights and speed up desegregation

March on Washington

people gathered at Lincoln Memorial on the 3rd anniversary of Brown v Board to march from civil nd economic rights od african americans

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Eliminated voter literacy tests

• Enabled federal examiners to register voters

• Black voter percentages rose greatly 

Civil Rights Act of 1968

• Prohibited discrimination in hoising renting/ sales

• Strengthened anti-lynching laws

• Didnt actually create more integrated communities, resulted in the sundown towns

Malcolm X 

• Black Power advocate

• Wanted equality through violence and action

Nation of Islam

• Black muslims 

Black Panthers

• Militant black power organozation

• Wanted to:

  • End police brutality

  • Employ afric americans

  • Land, housing n justice

  • Had social programs

Black Power

prominent political and social movement that emerged in the mid-1960s from the mainstream civil rights movement in the United States

how do civil rights and black power movements differ?

 In comparison to general civil rights, the black power movement was a more forceful movement that was harder for the government to ignore. They were less willing to work in the system and wanted change on their own terms

Red Power Movement

social movement which was led by Native American youth who demanded self-determination for Native Americans in the United States

• Wanted to be able to preserve their own culture and selfdeterminate

• They wanted assistance so they could be level with the American society

The Populist Movement

agricultural and labor uprising aimed at fighting the economic abuses of big business.

Sherman Antitrust Act

law that outlaws monopolies, cartels, and any business conspiracies that unreasonably restrain interstate or international trade.

Interstate Commerce Act

law designed to regulate the railroad industry and halt monopolistic and unfair business practices

The Progressive Movement

The Progressive Era was a period in the United States characterized by multiple social and political reform efforts

Espionage Act

law that criminalizes the unauthorized gathering, transmission, or loss of national defense information

Sedition Act

law passed during World War I that amended the Espionage Act of 1917. It heavily restricted free speech by making it a crime to willfully utter, print, write, or publish any "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government, its military, flag, or Constitution

Committee on Public Information

agency created by President Woodrow Wilson in April 1917. Its purpose was to influence public opinion and mobilize popular support for America's entry into World War I

Harlem Renaissance

intellectual and cultural movement of African American art, literature, and music centered in Harlem, New York

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

agency that served as a lender of last resort for struggling financial institutions, railroads, and agriculture during the Great Depression, expanded during new deal

Wilson’s Intervention in Mexico

• Madero (democratic reforms)

• Huerta - Wilson won’t recognize 

  • US sailors arrested 

  • US seizes veracruz (almost war)

• Carranza - Wilson recognizes

  • Panchoh Ville

  • US tries to to arrest

Manpower Crisis in WWII

• the war required too many workers 

  • before, only half of Americans worked

• Tons of workers gone to war 

• agency set up: “War Manpower Commision”

• have to work jobs a full term

• give skilled workers to war

• people are trained for jobs

• jobs increased w/ boat + plane building in WWII

• EVERYONE worked 

• long work days and workweeks 

funding from the government went towards improving slums in WWII

• improving childcare conditions 

• national housing agency provided 14,000 units

segregation was strong in WWII

• shipyard was segregated

• separated water fountains 

• weren’t allowed in skill jobs 

civil rights groups boom in WWII

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

  • combatted segregation and wanted equal rights for AA

• Double-V Campaign

  • compared victory in the war with potential victory at home (civil rights)

  • soldiers who’re war heroes aren't at home