a and p chapter 9

muscle fibers is surrounded by

endomysium

muscle fibers and endomysium bundle into

fascicles

fascicles and perimysium bundle into

muscle

connective tissue taper to form

tendons

connective tissue surrounding muscle bundles

perimysium

the external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle

epimysium

muscle shapes vary depending on

pattern of arrangement of fascicles

fascicle patterns

parallel, fusiform, circular, convergent, pennate, spiral

Achilles tendon =

calcaneal tendon

muscle function primary role is

bodily movement

muscle function secondary roles are

breathing, expression, swallowing, hearing, sphincter control, heat production

smallest muscle in body

Stapedius (in the ear)

myofascial trigger points aka

muscle knots

myofascial trigger points causes

repetitve exercise, poor posture, imbalances

myofascial trigger points treatments

massage therapy, anti-inflammatory medication, muscle relaxers

action

a movement is driven by muscle activity(often requires several muscles)

agonist

provides most of force

antagonist

opposes agonist

synergist

guide movement and stabilize joint

fixator

hold bone in place during movement

size of muscle

major, minor, longus, brevis

location information of muscle

superior, inferior, medial, lateral, profundus(deep), capitis(head)

regional terms of muscle

pectoral, oculi

function terms of muscle

flexor, extensor, levator, adductor

historal roots of muscle

achilles tendon

lever systems in body are either

fast and weak or strong and slow

fast and weak is a

velocity advantage

strong and slow is a

mechanical advantage

mechanical advantage means

strong

velocity advantage means

speed

in first class levers the fulcrum is located between

applied force and load to be moved

in second class levers the fulcrum is farther from

applied force

in third class levers the fulcrum is located closer to

applied force

parallel muscles are

evenly spaces fascicles and are straplike (sartorius)

convergent muscles are

broad muscles that taper uniformly to a single tendon (pectoralis major)

pennate muscles are

fibers and fascicles attach to a tendon at an angle(feather-like appearance)

pennate muscles variations

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

unipennate

angle out on one side only

bipennate

angle out on both sides

multipennate

several areas of fascicles angling out of connective tissue separators

circular muscle aka

sphincter

circular muscles encircle

a structure (orbicularis oculi)

spiral muscles are

twisted appearance and may wrap around bone (supinator)

fusiform muscle is

thick in middles and tapered at both ends (biceps brachii)

First class lever example

dribbling a basketball

second class lever example

rising on tiptoe

third class lever example

pulling up on a fishing rod