ch 21 med term

lecture

Medicines (Drugs)

substances to PREVENT or TREAT a disease or condition

Medicines sources

obtained from: (synthetic or plant) in nature or isolated and synthesized (made up in a lab)

Plants as Medicine

plants provide medicine in their natural state, where either the whole plant is used or parts of the plant, such as roots, leaves, and fruit

Medication derived from plants

can be derived from a plant with the synthesization to produce a finished product

Basil

relieves upper digestive discomfort, indigestion and bloating and applied topically to acne and insect bites

Rosemary

used to strengthen memory and to recall information, taken to help study and exam performances, and to ward off mental exhaustion

Digitalis

comes from the foxglove plant and is used to help treat CHF (congestive heart failure and heart arrhythmias problems)-too much can cause arrhythmias

Antibiotics (Penicillin)

are derived from molds (like on cheese)

Antivenoms

from snakes and spiders

Synthetic Insulin

from pigs

Pharmacology

the study of the discovery, properties and use of drugs

Medicinal Chemistry

study of new drugs synthesis (between chemical structure and biological effects)

Pharmacodynamics

involves the study of a drug's effects in the body

Pharmacokinetics

study of drug's absorption, distribution into the body compartments, metabolism and excretion over a period of time

Molecular Pharmacology

involves the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA and enzymes~provides important information about the mechanism of action of drugs. our cells are different so we handle drugs differently

Chemotherapy

study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites OR malignant cells within the body- also kills all other cells like hair

Toxicology

study of harmful effects on the body from drugs and chemicals~ tested on animals before humans because you can’t release medication without a study (covid vaccine)

Clinical trial phases

test an intervention for both safety and effectiveness before a potential new therapy can reach patients~ 6-7 years in total for a treatment to complete process.

Toxicologist

is also interested in finding the proper Antidote to any harmful effects of drugs

Antidotes

substances given to neutralize unwanted effects of drugs

Chemical name

specifies the exact chemical makeup

Generic name

identifies the medication/drug legally and scientifically

Brand name

is a trademark of a private property of the individual drug manufacturer (can be several for one drug)

U.S. food and drug administration (FDA)

has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold. Strict standards are set.

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

An independent committee of physicians, pharmacologist, pharmacist and manufacturers who review the available commercial drugs and continually reappraise their effectiveness in specific medical conditions.

Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

Published by a private firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed. It identifies drugs, along with the complete description of drug's properties and approved indications, gives precautions and warnings about side effects, and recommends dosages and black box warnings.

Oral medication

Drugs given by the mouth that are slowly absorbed into the bloodstream or intestinal wall.

Disadvantage of oral medication

If the medication does not pass through the intestinal wall or cannot get absorbed, or if gastric juices destroy the medication.

Types of oral medication

Caplets, Capsules, Tablets.

Sublingual administration

Drugs placed under the tongue that dissolve in the saliva, most often in the form of a tablet.

ODT

Oral dissolving tablet.

Rectal administration

Drugs given rectally (in suppository form) when unable to give oral medication due to disabilities or the patient being nauseated or vomiting.~common to treat seizures

Parenteral administration

Injection of a drug from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin, into the muscle, vein, or body cavity. (one of the fastest ways)

Intracavitary instillation

type of parenteral administration that the Injection made into the body cavity.

Intradermal injection

type of parenteral administration that the Injection made in the first layer of the skin, such as with allergy testing & TB test.

Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection

Injection under the skin or the fat layer of the skin to be absorbed, usually done with a small hypodermic needle.

Intramuscular injection (IM)

Injection placed in the muscle, given for more immediate results and better absorption.

Z-track method

A special type of IM injection used with certain medications such as Iron or in the elderly who may have less muscle mass, preventing leakage into the SubQ tissue and minimizing skin irritation.

Intrathecal installation

A needle placed under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain (around the subarachnoid space), used for anesthesia, chemotherapy, and pain management.

Intravenous injection (IV)

Medication given directly into the vein, most often when an immediate result from the medication is needed, requiring a saline flush.

Infiltration

Ensuring that the medication or needle has not infiltrated surrounding tissue.

Anticancer medication

May be given intravenously with a solution such as Normal Saline to dilute harsh medication from damaging surrounding tissue from an intravenous injection

Inhalations

Absorbed by the bloodstream through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs. these types of medications vapors or gases is taken in through the mouth and nose

Aerosols

Drugs that are suspended in the air & are administered by inhalation.

Topical applications

Medications that are applied on the skin directly or the mucus membrane. such as a lotion, cream, or ointment.

Antiseptics

topical Medications used against infection.

Antipruritics

topical Medications used against itching.

Transdermal patches

topical Patches placed on the skin that contain medication.

Receptor

Specific target that the drug is given for.

Dose

Amount of drug given, usually measured in milligrams.

Schedule

The exact time to be given & frequency, which can be routine or as needed (PRN).

Additive action

Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each.

Antagonistic action

Combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect.

Synergism

Produces a greater effect on the target outcome when two medications are combined.

Response

Desired outcome of giving the medication or beneficial effect of a drug.

Tolerance

When more of the medication is needed to produce the same outcome as before, often seen with pain medication.

Dependence

Craving for the drug on a physical & psychological level, most often with pain medication.

Controlled Substances

Medications/drugs that have a high potential for abuse & addiction, categorized into schedules.

Drug Toxicity

Harm that can be done to an organism, body system, or specific organ/gland.

Idiosyncrasy

An unpredictable type of drug toxicity.

Idiosyncrasy reaction

An extreme reaction such as anaphylaxis where the body goes into hypersensitivity with asthma reaction & shock.~where the body starts to break down

Iatrogenic disorder

A disorder produced by a treatment due to a mistake in drug use or sensitivity to a given agent.

Side Effects

Unpleasant effects that routinely can result from the use of medication, such as dry mouth, constipation, diarrhea.

Contraindications

Conditions that make the use of certain medications dangerous & ill-advised.

Drug resistance

Reduction of effectiveness of a drug due to mutation in bacteria, virus, or cancer.

Analgesics

Drugs that lessen pain from mild to moderate pain.

Mild analgesics

Pain relievers for mild pain, such as Tylenol and aspirin. for tooth aches or headaches

Narcotics or Opioids

Drugs derived from opium and very potent. they are used for severe pain due to their depressive effects on the CNS.

NSAIDs Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

drugs that relieve inflammatory pain but are not steroids.

Anesthetics

Medications that reduce or eliminate sensation.

Local Anesthetic

Anesthetic limited to a particular region of the body.

General Anesthetic

Anesthetic that affects all tissues and may put the person to sleep.

Antibiotic

Medication that inhibits the growth (bacteriostatic) or kills (bactericidal) bacteria, fungi, or parasites.

Antifungal

Medications used to treat fungal infections. like ringworm

Antiviral

Medications used to fight against viral infections.

Anticoagulants

Medications that prevent clotting of the blood.

Lovenox

Low molecular Heparin given as injection to patients that are bedridden to prevent clots; does not need weekly checks.

Coumadin (warfarin)

Chemically synthesized drug that blocks formation of clotting factors.

PTT

A measure that needs to be between 2 to 3 when a patient is taking Coumadin to ensure bleeding risk does not happen.

Vitamin K

Used to reverse the effects of Coumadin to clot blood or to stop the increase bleeding.

Heparin injections

Used to keep blood thin in pre-surgery or post-surgery; medication can range from 100 unit to 5000 unit.

TPA (Tissue-type plasminogen activator)

used in a timely matter to dissolve clots and open vessels after myocardial infarction.

Eliquis, Pradaxa, and Xarelto

New oral anticoagulant that reduces the risk of having a stroke.

Antiplatelet drugs

Reduce the risk of platelets in the blood vessels from clumping or sticking together.

Plavix

Used to inhibit clumping of platelets on heart stents and prevent clotting after heart attacks.

ASA (Aspirin)

an antiplatelet drug used for prophylaxis in patients with coronary artery disease.

Anticonvulsants

Prevent or reduce frequency of convulsions or seizure activity with minimal effect on brain activity.

Antidepressant

Treat symptoms of depression and can elevate mood, increase mental alertness, and encourage normal sleep patterns.

Bipolar Disorder manic or depressive

Lithium medication can help stabilize the mood swings or the episodes of the highs (manics) and lows (depressive)

Anti-Alzheimer drugs

Help treat symptoms of Alzheimer disease and slow the process, but cannot cure it.

Antihistamines

Block the action of histamines released in allergic reactions.

Histamines

Cause allergic response by the body.

Common side effects of antihistamines

Blurred vision, tremors, upset stomach, and drowsiness.

Allergic symptoms from Histamines

Hives, bronchial spasms, asthmatic reaction, or hay fever; in extreme situations, there can be anaphylactic shock: dyspnea, hypotension, and loss of consciousness.

Antiemetic

A medication that prevents nausea; it may also be used to help with motion sickness or prevent seasickness.

Anti Osteoporosis

Used to treat osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates

Medications that prevent bone loss; examples include Fosamax or Reclast.

Selective estrogen receptors modulators

Hormone-like drugs that increase bone formation.

Cardiovascular Drugs

Work on the heart and blood vessels to help them work more effectively.

Angina

Pain due to decreased oxygen delivery to the heart.