paper 3 bias question

Acquiescence bias

Tendency for respondents to agree with statements or questions presented to them, regardless of beliefs.

Lack of disclosure

Potential consequence of participants' unwillingness or discomfort in sharing personal or sensitive information with the interviewer.

Social desirability

Tendency to respond or behave in a way that they think will make them liked or accepted.

Conformity bias

Presence of other participants may result in group dynamics and data may not represent the individual participants' beliefs.

Audience effect

Changing one's behaviour due to believing they are being observed.

Sampling Biases

Occurs when the sample is not representative of the target population.

Sampling method

Types include convenience, snowball, volunteer, purposive.

Gender bias

Differential treatment or representation of individuals based on their gender.

Cultural bias

Not representative of various cultural groups, participants are predominately or exclusively from one cultural background.

Methodological bias

Method used doesn't accurately measure the dependent variable.

Interpretation bias

Researchers' expectations, beliefs or cultural perspectives unduly influence the interpretation of study findings.

Confirmation bias

Tendency of researchers to favor information or interpretations that confirm their existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Personal reflexivity

Thinking on ways the researchers' own beliefs and opinions influence the researcher and how the research has affected the researcher personally and professionally.

Epistemological reflexivity

Thinking about the ways knowledge has been generated in the study.

Single blind procedure

Participants don't know condition they're receiving.

Double blind procedure

Both participants and experimenter don't know which group is which.

Random allocation

Sample has equal chance of going into any condition.

Standardised procedures

Standardised instructions and testing conditions help with methodological biases and experimenter ones.

Peer review

Undergone evaluation by others working in the same field.