Studied by 8 peopleSelection bias
________- a focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation.
Equality
________- a material standard of living shared by individuals within a community, society, or country.
Casual relationship
________- Cause and effect: when a change in one variable causes a change in another variable.
Area studies
________- a regional focus when studying political science, rather than studying parts of the world where similar variables are clustered.
attitudes
A set of widely held ________, values, beliefs, and symbols about politics.
Endogeneity
________- the issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another.
Comparativists
________ examine the impact of political institutions, where they come from, and how they shape politics.
fear of restriction
An individuals ability to act independently, without ________ or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society.
material standard of living
A(n) ________ shared by individuals within a community, society, or country.
Game theory
________- an approach that emphasizes how actors or organizations behave in their goal to influence others: built upon assumptions of rational choice.
Hypothesis
________: an educated guess about how these variables relate (If X, then Y; More of X increases /decreases Y)
Ideals
________- beliefs and values about preferred outcomes.
Correlation
________- an apparent relationship between two or more variables.
particular outcomes
Multicausality- when variables are interconnected and interact to produce ________.
Theory
________- an integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts.
Citizenship
________ is a constitutive norm.
Multicasuality
________: when variables are interconnected and interact to produce particular outcomes.
Quantitative method
________: study through statistical data from many cases.
international system
The idea of states in the ________ is a constitutive norm.
Comparative researchers
________ use many methods and theoretical approaches to try to explain how the world works.
Behavioral revolution
________- a movement within political science during the 1950s and 1960s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that could be applied across all countries.
Rational choice
________- approach that assumes that individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits.
Comparative method
________- the means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases.
Criticism
________: Cultural values change, and they can be affected by political establishments.
Deductive reasoning
________: research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data (Hypothesis → Tested with Cases)
Independent variable
________- a variable whose value does not depend on that of another.
Dependent variable
________- a variable whose value changes based on that of another.
Qualitative method
________- study through an in- depth investigation of a limited number of cases.
Modernization theory
________- a theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism.
Comparative politics
________ is the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries.
Control variables
________: additional factors that could affect the dependent variable.
International relations
________- a field in political science that concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade, and foreign aid.
Inductive reasoning
________: research that works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses (Case → General Hypotheses)
Formal institutions
________- institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear.
Correlation
________: an apparent relationship between two or more variables.
Theory
________: an integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts.
Behavioral revolution
________: a movement within political science during the 1950s and 1960s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that could be applied across all countries.
Rational choice
________: approach that asusmes that individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits.
Casual relationship
________: cause and effect; when a change in one variable causes a change in another variable.
Qualitative method
________: study through in- depth investigation of a limited number of cases.
Quantitative method
________- study through statistical data from many cases.
Comparative politics
________ is a social science, but one that is faced with considerable research challenges.
Analytical concepts
assumptions and theories that guide our research
Methods
ways to study and test those theories
Ideals
beliefs and values about preferred outcomes
Politics
the struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group
Power
the ability to influence others or impose ones will on them
Institutions
organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake
Comparative method
the means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases in search of cause and effect
Independent variable
the variable that doesnt depend on changes in other variables (the cause)
Dependent variable
the variable that is affected by ("dependent on") the presence of the independent variable (the effect)
Hypothesis
an educated guess about how these variables relate (If X, then Y; More of X increases/decreases Y)
Control variables
additional factors that could affect the dependent variable
Inductive reasoning
research that works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses (Case → General Hypotheses)
Deductive reasoning
research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data (Hypothesis → Tested with Cases)
Qualitative method
study through in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases
Quantitative method
study through statistical data from many cases
Correlation
an apparent relationship between two or more variables
Area studies
________: a regional focus when studying political science, rather than studying parts of the world where similar variables are clustered.
"Why" Things Happen
Variables and Hypotheses
Examples
historical case analysis
Examples
surveyed data, large-N statistical
Casual relationship
cause and effect; when a change in one variable causes a change in another variable
Multicasuality
when variables are interconnected and interact to produce particular outcomes
Area studies
a regional focus when studying political science, rather than studying parts of the world where similar variables are clustered
The risk
some regions are overrepresented in research; may bias conclusions
Selection bias
a focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation
Endogeneity
the issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another
Theory
an integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts
Rational choice
approach that asusmes that individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits
Criticism
Cultural values change, and they can be affected by political establishments
Criticism
Too much reliance on interpretation
Critcism
What about underlying motives of ideology
Modernization theory
a theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism
Behavioral revolution
a movement within political science during the 1950s and 1960s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that could be applied across all countries
A Guiding Concept
Political Institutions
Institutions
organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake
A Guiding Ideal
Reconciling Freedom and Equality
Freedom and Equality
Is There a Trade-Off
Freedom and Equality
Can One Exist without the Other
V. In Sum
Looking Ahead and Thinking Carefully
Area studies
a regional focus when studying political science, rather than studying parts of the world where similar variables are clustered
Behavioral revolution
a movement within political science during the 1950s and 1960s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that could be applied across all countries
Comparative method
the means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases
Comparative politics
the study and comparison of domestic across politics across countries
Correlation
an apparent relationship between two or more variables
Deductive reasoning
research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data
Dependent variable
a variable whose value changes based on that of another
Endogeneity
the issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another
Equality
a material standard of living shared by individuals within a community, society, or country
Formal institutions
institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear
Freedom
the ability of an individual to act independently, without fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society
Independent variable
a variable whose value does not depend on that of another
Inductive reasoning
research that works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses
Informal institutions
institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules
Institutions
an organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake
International relations
a field in political science that concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade, and foreign aid
Modernization theory
a theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism
Multicausality
when variables are interconnected and interact to produce particular outcomes
Politics
the struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group
Note 
Flashcard (133)