Exam 2 Review

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68 Terms

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Renaissance Dates
1400-1600
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What does Renaissance mean?
French for "rebirth"
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What changes did moveable type have on music?
new technology, printing press; new genres, new textures, international style
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What are the general styles of Renaissance?
Expressive, focus on consonance, importance of text, strict rules for dealing with dissonances
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What was interesting/different about Missa prolationum by Ockeghem?
Notated 2 voices but sang in 4 voices; uses four prolations of mensural notation
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National style
16th century; ability to read musical notation and perform became an expected social grace
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International style
15th century; printing press led to this, changed economics of music, and music could be sold as a commodity; amateurs could enjoy music
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Who were the early Madrigal composers?
Phillipe Verdelot and Jacques Arcadelt
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Who were the Mid-century madrigal composers?
Cipriano de Rore
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Who were the late
madrigal composers?
Orlando de Lassus, Luca Marenzio and Carlo Gesualdo,
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Music’s role in the Lutheran church
Music was central to Lutheran church because Luther was musician; Most important form of music in the Lutheran church was the Lutheran Chorale;
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Music’s role in the Calvinist church
Stripped church of anything that might distract worshippers; Metric Pslams; Sung in church unaccompanied and in unison
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Changes to Catholic church music due to the Council of Trent/Counter-reformation
Move to suppress variation in local practices in favor of a more uniform liturgy; Only policy adopted regarding polyphonic music suggested a ban on masses based on vernacular songs
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Instruments in the Renaissance that are the same from the Middle Ages
Recorders, transverse flute, shawms, cornetts, trumpets
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Sackbut
early form of trombone (made possible by invention of bent tubing and slide tubing)
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Crumhorn
double reed enclosed in a cap so the lips do not touch (sounds like a soft bagpipe)
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Lute
most popular household instrument in 16th century; Pear-shaped, rounded back, flat fingerboard, pegbox; One single and 5 double strings
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Vihuela
Spanish, closely related to the lute, flat back, guitar shaped body
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Viol or Viola da gamba
Developed in Spain mid-15th century; Became leading bowed string instrument of 16th century; Comes in different sizes; Player held instrument between the legs and bowed underhand; Played without vibrato; Fretted, 6 strings tuned a 4th apart with a M3 in the middle
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Violin
distant cousin of the viol; Bowed, fretless tuned in 5ths; Descended from the medieval fiddle; First appeared in the early 16th century as a 3 string instrument used to accompany dancing; During the 17th century, the violin, viola and violoncello gradually displaced the viols
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Organ
widely used in Middle Ages; Changed over time as makers added stops (ranks of pipes); By 1500 the large church organ was like the instrument we know today
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Clavichord
solo instrument suitable for small rooms; Pressing a key raises a brass blade that strikes a string and remains in contact with it, sustaining the tone until the key is released; tone is very soft but can control volume within limits
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Harpsichord
Both solo and ensemble playing in places of moderate size; Key moves a quill that plucks the string; cannot produce dynamic differences
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Common Renaissance Dance forms
Basse danse, Pavane, Galliard, Allemande, Moresco
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Introductory/Improvisatory Forms
Prelude, fantasia, ricercare, toccata, canzona
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Importance of Venice as a center of music in late Renaissance/early Baroque
Independent state with its own empire; City of traders and chief port--very wealthy; Government spent lavishly on public spectacle, music, art
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Importance of Sonata piano e’ forte by Gabrieli
one of the earliest known pieces to have loud and soft dynamics printed on it
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humanism
movement to revive ancient Greek and Roman culture, and to study things pertaining to human knowledge and experience; Strongest intellectual movement of the Renaissance
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Bas instruments
"soft" instruments associated with chamber; ex: flute and lute
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Haut instruments
"loud" instruments associated with public court; ex: shawm, trumpet; conveyed political and military power
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Le istitutioni harmoniche
A book on the Art of Counterpoint; Leading counterpoint treatise of 15th century; described strict rules of dissonance
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Hemiola
cross-rhythms of three quarter notes in 6/8; ex: De plus en plus
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Fauxbourdon
inspired by English Faburden; Cantus and tenor written out, moving mostly in parallel 6ths; end phrase on octave; Third voice (unwritten) sang in exact parallel a 4th below the cantus, ending on an open 5th and octave; Used for settings of the simpler Office chants
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Polyphonic mass
written all over the continent; Became standard practice after to set the Ordinary as a coherent whole; Could be paired by same arrangement of voices, same modal center, similar musical material, etc.; Eventually included all 5 parts
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Plainsong mass
each movement is based on a chant to the same text
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Motto mass
movements share the same opening motive, called the head motive
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Cantus-firmus mass
The same cantus firmus is used in each movement, normally in the tenor
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Canon
deriving 2 or more voices from a single notated voice
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Mensuration canon
2 voices sing simultaneously from the same part, but with different durations (because they are applying different mensuration signs)
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Villancico
Became most important form of polyphonic song in Renaissance Spain; Text usually on rustic subjects; Composed for the aristocracy; Short, strophic, syllabic, mostly homophonic; Reflect a growing preference for simplicity
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Madrigal
single stanza with 7 or 11 syllable lines and either a standard or free-rhyme scheme; No refrains or repeated lines; Through composed;
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Villanella
Lively, strophic piece in homophonic style, usually 3-voiced
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Meistersinger
"master-singer"; German amateur singer/poet-composers
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Lied
German song; typically for solo voice with piano accompaniment
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Musica transalpina
Collection of Italian madrigals translated into English
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Lutheran Chorale
Most important form of music in the Lutheran church; Congregation sang several chorales during each service; metric, rhymed, strophic poem, and melody was simple rhythm and unison.
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Metrical Psalm
metric, rhymed, strophic translations of psalms in the vernacular that were set to newly composed melodies or tunes adapted from chant or other sources
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Anthem
polyphonic work in English, like a motet, usually sung by the choir near the end of Matins or Evensong
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Variation Form
Form that presents an uninterrupted series of variants on a theme
In the 16th century, used for independent instrumental pieces; Theme could be an existing or newly composed tune, bass line, harmonic plan, melody with accompaniment
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Basilica San Marco/Church of St. Mark
Center of Venetian musical culture; Church known for Byzantine domes, bright gold mosaics, and Palo d’Oro, altarpiece of sold gold and precious jewels
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Polychoral motets
2-5 choirs, each with a different combination of high and low voices “mingled with instruments of diverse timbres” and “answered one another antiphonally and joined together in massive sonorous climaxes”
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Johannes Tinctoris
wrote Liber de arte contrapuncti, (A Book of the Art of Counterpoint) book about rules of counterpoint and dissonance
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Gioseffo Zarlino
wrote Le istitutioni harmoniche (The Harmonic Foundations)
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John Dunstable
Most highly regarded English composer of the fifteenth century; Composed in all polyphonic genres of the time; composition: Quam pulchra es
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Antoine Busnoys
Most prolific and widely praised chanson composer of his time; Served Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, and Maximilian of Hapsburg; composition: Busnoy’s Je ne puis vivre
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Jean de Ockeghem
Esteemed for his masses; Served the kings of France for almost a century; composition: Missa prolationum
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Josquin des Prez
Regarded as the greatest composer of his time; His pieces were widely sung, praised, and emulated during his lifetime and for decades after his death; composition: Mille regretz, Missa Pange lingua
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Juan del Encina
First Spanish playwright; Leading composer of villancicos; Wrote on pastoral themes depicting an idealized world of shepherds and other rustic figures in beautiful rural landscapes; composition: Oy comamos y bebamos
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Franceco Pertrarca (Petrarch)
Poet that most composers in Venice were obsessed with during the 16th century
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Cipriano de Rore
Madrigals captured sounds, emotions and images in the text; composition: De la belle contrade d’oriente
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Maddalena Casulana
First woman whose music was published & first to regard herself as a professional composer
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Orlando de Lassus
Wrote in all genres; Total production was more than 2,000 pieces; Music known all over Europe; Granted rights to control the dissemination of his music by King Charles IX and by the Holy Roman Emperor
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Martin Luther
Professor of biblical theology; Organized the Lutheran church; Approach to theology influenced by his humanistic education
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Jean Calvin
Felt similar to Luther-rejected papal authority, embraced justification through faith alone; felt that some people are predestined for salvation, others for damnation
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William Byrd
Leading English composer in the late 16th/early 17th centuries; Master of almost all major genres of the time; composition: Sing Joyfully unto God
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Works were praised as the “pinnacle of Church music”; Renowned especially for his masses and motets; Music became a model for later centuries of church music and of counterpoint in strict style; composition: Pope Marcellus Mass
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TĂłmas Luis de Victoria
Most famous Spanish composer of the 16th century; music was shorter, less florid melodies, more frequent cadences, more chromatic alterations, more contrasting passages in homophony or triple meter; composition: Missa O magnum mysterium
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Giovanni Gabrieli
One of leading composers of the late Renaissance/early Baroque; Known today primarily for his instrumental works (though equally accomplished in sacred works); composition: Canzoni septimi toni a 8 (Canzona in Mode 7 in 8 Parts) from Sacrae symphoniae