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Developmental Psychology

The study of continuity and change across the lifespan, explaining how humans change from conception to death.

Prenatal Development

The period from conception to birth, which consists of the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.

Germinal Stage

The first two weeks after conception, when the fertilized egg (zygote) divides repeatedly and implants in the uterine wall.

Embryonic Stage

The period from the 3rd to the 8th week of prenatal development, where major organs and body systems form.

Fetal Stage

The period from the 9th week after conception until birth, characterized by the maturation of body systems and rapid brain development.

Teratogen

Any external agent, like alcohol or lead, that can cause damage to the zygote, embryo, or fetus during prenatal development.

Infancy

The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts until 18 to 24 months of age.

Motor Development

The emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking.

Motor Reflexes

Innate motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.

Rooting Reflex

A newborn reflex that helps with nursing, where a baby turns their head and opens their mouth in response to a cheek stroke.

Cephalocaudal Rule

The "top-to-bottom" principle of motor development, where skills emerge in sequence from the head to the feet.

Proximodistal Rule

The "inside-to-outside" principle of motor development, where skills emerge in sequence from the center of the body to the periphery.

Cognitive Development

The process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand.

Schema

According to Piaget, a theory about the way the world works, which is used to understand experiences.

Assimilation

The process of applying existing schemas to new situations.

Accommodation

The process of revising existing schemas in light of new evidence.

Object Permanence

The belief that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth to infancy), where infants learn about the world through their senses and motor abilities.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage (about 2-6 years), where children develop symbolic representation but lack conservation and are egocentric.

Conservation

The understanding that the properties of an object do not change despite changes in its appearance.

Egocentrism

The inability to understand that the world appears differently to other people.

Theory of Mind

The understanding that other people have their own minds, beliefs, and perspectives that can differ from one's own.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage (about 6-11 years), where children can think logically about concrete events and master conservation but struggle with abstract concepts.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's final stage (around age 11 through adulthood), characterized by the ability to reason about abstract concepts and hypotheticals.

Attachment

An active, affectionate, and reciprocal emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver.

Strange Situation

A behavioral test developed to determine a child's attachment style.

Secure Attachment

An attachment style where an infant is comfortable exploring, is upset when the caregiver leaves, and is easily comforted upon their return.

Avoidant Attachment

An insecure attachment style where an infant is unresponsive to the caregiver, not distressed when they leave, and ignores them upon return.

Ambivalent/Anxious Attachment

An insecure attachment style where an infant is highly distressed when the caregiver leaves and shows anger and resistance upon their return.

Disorganized Attachment

An insecure attachment style characterized by a lack of a consistent pattern of responses to the caregiver's presence or absence.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style high in both control and responsiveness, where parents set reasonable rules and are consistent.

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style high in control but low in responsiveness, characterized by strictness and a lack of sympathy.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style low in control but high in responsiveness, where parents allow children to do as they please.

Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting

A parenting style low in both control and responsiveness, where parents are uninterested in caring for the child.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage (0-1.5 years), where infants develop hope by learning to trust their caregivers to meet their needs consistently.

Autonomy vs. Shame

Erikson's second stage (1.5-3 years), where toddlers develop will by gaining a sense of personal control and independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage (3-5 years), where children develop purpose by asserting themselves and making decisions during play.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage (5-12 years), where children develop competency by winning approval from peers through their skills.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage (12-18 years), where adolescents develop fidelity by exploring their values and goals to find a sense of self.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage (18-40 years), where young adults develop love by forming intimate, lasting relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage (40-65 years), where adults develop care by creating things that will outlast them, such as raising children or making a lasting impact.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's final stage (65+), where older adults develop wisdom by reflecting on their life with a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

5 Stages of Grief

A model by Kübler-Ross describing the process of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Emotion

A temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences, physiological activity, and readiness for action.

Appraisal

The conscious or unconscious evaluation and interpretation of an event that triggers an emotional response.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that a stimulus triggers a specific physiological response, which then leads to an emotional experience.

Two-Factor Theory

The theory that a stimulus triggers a general physiological arousal, which is then interpreted by the brain as a specific emotion.

Universality Hypothesis

The theory that certain emotional expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) have the same meaning for everyone.

Social Psychology

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality, focusing on how individuals are influenced by others.

Attraction

The feeling of being drawn to someone, influenced by physical, psychological, and situational factors.

Mere Exposure Effect

The tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the frequency of exposure to it.

Homophily

The tendency for people to like others who are similar to themselves.

Passionate Love

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.

Companionate Love

An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being. Note: The original slide has a typo; this definition is the correct one for companionate love.

Social Exchange Theory

The idea that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits.

Aggression

Behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm to another being.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression that stems from feelings of anger and is aimed at inflicting pain.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that serves as a means to achieve a goal other than causing pain.

Social Influence

The process through which individuals and groups influence a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Conformity

Changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others due to real or imagined group pressure.

Obedience

A change in behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure.

Compliance

Adjusting one's behavior because of a direct request from someone with no authority.

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A compliance strategy that involves making a large request that is likely to be refused in order to increase the chances of a smaller request being accepted.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A compliance strategy that involves making a small initial request and then following it with a larger request.

Lowball Technique

A compliance strategy where a person agrees to a request, and then the costs are raised or benefits are lowered.

Cognitive Dissonance

An unpleasant state that arises when there is a discrepancy between a person's beliefs and their behaviors.

Groupthink

A situation where the desire for group harmony overrides a logical or critical analysis of a problem.

Stereotype

A simplified set of thoughts (cognitions) about a person based on their group membership.

Prejudice

A positive or negative evaluation (attitude) of another person based on their group membership.

Discrimination

Positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership.