World Music: Traditions and Transformations 2nd. Ed. (Bakan) Ch. 10 &11

akan

an ancient tribe of people in Ghana

drum speech

another way to tell an Akan proverb outside of speaking

tonal language (Twi)

determined not just by the actual sounds of its syllables, but also by the specific patterns of pitch, rhythm, and timbral inflection with which it is articulated

atumpan

Akan drum

polyvocality

similar to polyphony; many voices

Kora

a remarkable plucked chordophone of the Mande

Mande

people of West Africa with a history dating back centuries

jeliya

the musical repertoire of the hereditary "praise singer"

griot

families among the Mande

isicathamiya

an a cappella genre that emerged out of a synthesis of traditional music of Zulu peoples in southern Africa and Christian hymnody introduced by European missionaries

African diaspora

the dispersal of millions of people from Africa (mainly West) to other parts of the world, especially the Americas largely a result of the Euro-American slave trade, at least initially. Today the African diaspora is global in scope and its worldwide musical impact cannot be overestimated

fontomfrom

akan royal drum ensemble featuring several drums and dawuro iron bell

africanism

identifiable musicultural characteristics that are widely shared across sub-Saharan Africa and are prominent in musics of the African diaspora as well

jeli

a mande griot, if they play an instrument it is either a kora, bala, or koni

hereditary jeli families

family lineages of professional musicians, many dating back centuries, who are exclusively associated with the griot traditions of Made jeliya in West Africa

praise songs

in the jeliya tradition of the Mande and in other African griot traditions, a class of songs that were traditionally sung to honor royalty exclusively, but that are now often performed in honor of modern politicians or other wealthy patrons who are not of royal lineage as well

bala

xylophone of the mande people of west africa; one of several instruments historically identified with the musical traditions of jeliya

koni

banjo-like plucked chordophone of the mande; jeli instrument. Bassekou Kouyate is one of its best-known exponents

kumbengo

the accompaniment style of instrumental performance used instruments like the Kora, bala, and koni in Mande jeliya music

birimintigo

the improvisational soloistic style of instrumental performance used on instruments like the kora, bala, and koni in Mande jeliya music

sataro

improvisatory, speechlike style of singing in jeliya vocal art

sauta

an important musical mode in Mande music, using a scale that is roughly equivalent to FGABCDE(F) in Western music

Fon

one of the major ethnic groups in the West African nation of Benin, Angelique Kidjo is of Fon heritage and many of her songs are in the Fon language (Okan Bale)

timbales

Latin "drum set" featuring two or more relatively high-pitched metal-sided drums, plus cowbells, woodblock, cymbals, and sometimes additional drums and other percussion instruments

salsa

major form of Latin music that emerged in New York in the 1970s, strongly rooted in Cuban son

latin jazz

umbrella term for a variety of musical styles that combine elements of Latin dance and popular musics with jazz; considerable overlap with salsa in many instances

rhythm section

the pianist, bassisst, and percussionists, in a Latin dance band

riffs

short, recurring patterns that are repeated over and over, often with variations, and layered one atop the other. Important feature of arrangements in mambo, salsa, and other Latin music styles

horn section

the trumpet, trombone, and saxophone players in a Latin or jazz band

cha cha ch'a

A Cuban dance-music genre characterized by relatively simple dance rhythms and singing; originated with Enrique Jorrin around 1950 and eventually gained international popularity. In the hands of Tito Puente and other New York bandleaders, the cha cha cha took on new musical identityt, leading to the style of arrangements like Puente's original recorded version of "Oye Como Va" 1963

Latino/American

the slash between the words implies "and/or" in the widest sense; that is, it points to the fluiditiy and multiplicity of Latino and American identities, musiculturally and otherwise

samba

umbrella term for a wide range of musical traditions of Brazil that share in common Afro-Brazilian musical and cultural ancestry; energetic percussion, call-and-response singing, improvisation, and grand spectacle including dance and dramatic presentations characterize many samba performance styles

bossa nova

Brazilian genre that emerged in the late 1950s and achieved great popularity both in Brazil and internationally in the 1960s; combined elements of samba and jazz in a cool, laid-back style

tropica'lia

radical and innovative movement in brazilian arts, culture, and social activism of the late 1960s that privileged an aesthetic of so-called cannibalism, the selective devouring of elements of foreign cultures for absorption and transformation into Brazilian cultural products; in music, Os Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, and Gilberto Gil were central figures

steel band

large percussion orchestra of Trinidad and Tobago, featuring pans (steel drums) of many different sizes and ranges; the pans are made from oil drums

tango

sensuous dance-music style of Argentina that achieved great international popularity in the 1920s-1930s and was developed and transformed in later years by the innovations of modern masters such as Astor Piazzolla

mariachi

Popular music of Mexico that developed mainly in Mexico city through the synthesis of regional forms from rural areas (such as the son forms of Jalisco) and an eclectic range of Mexican and international musical styles

Latin music

musics of Latin America and of Latino/American communities of the US and elsewhere; the chapter focused mainly on a Latin music trajectory centered on developments in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the US

rumba

traditional Afro-Cuban secular dance music featuring singing and music played on conga drums and other instruments

danzon

creolized Cuban dance-music genre that essentially became the national dance of Cuba in the 1920s; important forerunner of the danzon-mambo and the cha cha cha. Closely identified with the charanga ensemble

son

Afro-Cuban dance-music style that gained popularity from the 1920s onward, influencing related styles such as danzon, danzon-mambo, and mambo pre-figuring later developments like salsa and Latin Jazz. Also historically important as a symbol of Cuban nationalism. Central historical figure was Arsenio Rodriquez. Distinct from the various Mexican genres of son

danzon-mambo

More Afro-Cubanized version of danzon; created and popularized by Arcano y sus Maravillas. Maravillas band members the Lopez brothers were the true innovators of the style, which ultimately influenced both cha cha cha and later forms of mambo

Latin Rock

hybrid of latin music styles and rock. term is most closely identified with the music of Santana

Newyorican

New York residents of Puerto Rican descent; includes both New York natives and Puerto rican immigrants to new York

conga drums

large, barrel-shaped drums of Afro-Cuban origin and West African derivation. Usually played in sets of 3, either by 3 separate players of by just one player

bandoneon

box-shaped accordion of German ancestry that typically serves as the lead instrument in an Argentine or Uruguayan tango band

ayllu

Indigenous term for "native community" of the South American Andes. Shared family lineages, locations of residence and ancestry, and cultural practices

julajula

Andean panpipe instruments that are played in pairs within ensembles; interlocking parts between pairs of julajula generate the music's melodies

Andean folkloric music

Modern, urban, cosmopolitan transformation of the musical traditions of rural, indigenous Andean peoples. Features instruments like the Kena, Siku, Charango, and bombo in sytlized and polished arrangements that promote a kind of constructed, folklorized form of Andean authenticity

Santeria

Afro-Cuban religion based on traditional West African religious practices of the Yoruba people syncretized with Catholicism

Bata'

sacred drums used in rituals of the Santeria religion

clave

fundamental rhythm of Latin music; comes in four different varieties; often played on claves, but even if not actually played its presence is always implied

claves

instrument consisting of a pair of thick, round sticks that are struck together. identified with the clave rhythm

charanga

"sweet-sounding" Cuban ensemble associated with danzon, danzon-mambo, early Cuban cha cha cha and other dance-music styles. Usually includes flute, violins, piano, bass, and percussio

big band mambon

the highly syncretic mambo style of the 1950s identified with NY-based bandleaders such as Tito Puente, Machito, and Tito Rodriguez. Incorporated more Afro-Cuban and American jazz and popular music elements than did the earlier Cuban mambo style

bongo'

pair of small, single-headed drums used in percussion sections of many types of Latin bands. Held between the knees and played with the fingers

mambo Kings

the leaders of the top Latin dance bands of New York in the 1950s, who were responsible for the "mambo craze" of that era: Machito, Tito Puente, Tito Rodriguez

Latin Dance

dance-music genre that is a hybrid of diverse contemporary music styles - pop, rock, hip-hop, techno, Latin pop - and mambo, cha cha cha, and dominican merengue